Abstract
Knowledge generation through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is critical to advance the medical evidence base, inform decision-making, and improve care and outcomes. Unfortunately, nephrology has typically lagged behind other medical specialties in this regard. The establishment of formal clinical trial networks can facilitate the successful conduct of RCTs and has significantly increased the number of RCTs performed worldwide in other medical specialties. No such formal network of nephrology trialists exists in Canada. On April 24, 2014, the Canadian Kidney Knowledge Translation and Generation Network (CANN-NET) Clinical Trials Committee held a stakeholder engagement meeting to address this gap and improve the nephrology clinical trial landscape in Canada. The meeting was held in Vancouver in association with the 2014 Canadian Society of Nephrology Annual General Meeting and was co-sponsored by the Kidney Foundation of Canada and CANN-NET. Attendees included nephrologists from university- and non-university-affiliated nephrology practices, administrators, and representatives from the Kidney Foundation of Canada. Through structured presentations and facilitated group discussions, the group explored the extent to which nephrology trials are currently happening in Canada, barriers to leading or participating in larger investigator-initiated trials, and strategies to improve clinical trial output in nephrology in Canada. The themes and action items arising from this meeting are discussed.
Overview
Context
Knowledge generation through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is critical to advance the medical evidence base, inform decision-making, and improve care and outcomes. The Canadian Kidney Knowledge Translation and Generation Network (CANN-NET) was established in 2010 as a partnership organization that links Canadian kidney disease guideline producers, knowledge translation specialists, and knowledge users to improve knowledge dissemination and care of patients with kidney disease. CANN-NET brings together a national group of experienced researchers to address knowledge gaps in the treatment and management of kidney disease in Canada. On April 24, 2014, the CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee held a stakeholder engagement meeting aimed at establishing a formal Canadian Nephrology Trials Network in order to improve the relevance, number, and quality of nephrology clinical trials in Canada. The meeting was held in Vancouver in association with the 2014 Canadian Society of Nephrology Annual General Meeting and was co-sponsored by the Kidney Foundation of Canada and CANN-NET. Attendees included nephrologists from university- and non-university-affiliated nephrology practices, administrators, and representatives from the Kidney Foundation [1]. Through structured presentations and facilitated group discussions, the group explored the extent to which nephrology trials are currently happening in Canada, barriers to leading or participating in larger investigator-initiated trials, and strategies to improve clinical trial output in nephrology in Canada.
Suggested goals for a Canadian clinical trial network for kidney disease
While it was recognized that many Canadian renal investigators are doing excellent work and running clinical trials through informal networks, there was enormous enthusiasm for, and endorsement of, creating a more formal Canadian nephrology clinical trial network. Suggested goals of this network were as follows:
To promote a culture of collaboration rather than competition within the Canadian nephrology community
To promote ongoing discussion of clinical trial ideas in order to develop new studies
To identify and address barriers to recruitment for ongoing studies
To hold regular face-to-face meetings in order to accomplish the first three goals.
To develop a web-based system to connect investigators with interested centers across Canada
To develop a central infrastructure of methodologists and coordinators to assist motivated investigators in the development and conduct of multicenter clinical trials
To promote, prioritize, and facilitate funding of nephrology RCTs through review and endorsement of protocols and create national and local advocacy for funding high-priority studies
Barriers and solutions
Barriers to the conduct of RCTs and potential solutions were explored (Table 1). Key barriers identified were as follows:
Lack of engagement and core expertise at community sites. Active engagement, training, and support of local champions of clinical studies, particularly in centers that are not affiliated with a university, was stressed as a key part of the solution, as was the provision of centralized research coordination services to assist smaller centers with conducting a clinical trial (detailed in Table 1).
Lack of patient engagement at all levels of trial development and conduct. A multifaceted patient engagement strategy aimed at promoting a culture of participation among patients was proposed and is summarized in Table 1.
Competition for recruitment and overlap between trials. Strategies to increase the pool of participating centers and to better match trials with participating centers were discussed.
Onerous Research Ethics Board requirements. It was suggested that CANN-NET advocate for a national harmonized REB standard and expedited local site review for protocols already approved at other sites.
Language and cultural barriers. This issue is intrinsic to a multicultural and multilingual society, and various solutions were proposed and summarized in Table 1.
Lack of funding for, and prioritization of, nephrology trials. The importance of advocacy to increase funding and in-kind support for RCTs in nephrology at local and national levels was stressed as a key component of the solution.
Barriers and potential solutions to conducting nephrology trials in Canada
PI principal investigator, MD medical doctors, RC research coordinator
Specific action items
Based on the themes elicited at the meeting, the following specific action items were endorsed by the CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee:
The committee will proceed with the formation of a Canadian clinical trial network, planning twice-yearly meetings of network participants to be held initially in conjunction with national or international society meetings.
The committee will engage with the Kidney Foundation of Canada and other agencies as needed to develop online networking tools as described.
The committee will engage with the Kidney Foundation of Canada to launch a new funding competition for meeting and planning grants with the intent of providing financial support for meetings that will enable the conduct of prospective research (i.e., randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies).
The committee will further consider ways in which a core RCT infrastructure might be funded and maintained.
The committee will advocate for a more patient-centered approach to nephrology research by supporting studies that include patient- and/or caregiver-identified priorities.
Logistics
Planning and funding
A meeting subcommittee (RSS, MW, CR, BJM, WW) planned the meeting, set the agenda, and facilitated the discussion. The meeting was scheduled to coincide with the 2014 Canadian Society of Nephrology (CSN) annual meeting, on April 24, 2014. Funding was provided by the Kidney Foundation of Canada,
Invitees
It was recognized that the inclusion of patients and centers representative of diverse Canadian practice contexts would be critically important to any future network, and that community and academic health care practitioners alike benefit from improving the nephrology evidence base. We thus invited representatives from centers with and without university affiliations. The meeting co-chairs wrote to the heads of all 15 Canadian university-affiliated nephrology divisions, and to 33 non-university-affiliated service chiefs, explaining the nature, purpose, and time of the meeting. Each Division Chief was asked to then nominate two individuals to attend the meeting. We then directly invited these individuals, asking them to submit one abstract of a current or proposed RCT they were leading. In total, 80 invitations were sent, 52 indicated interest in attending, and 42 people attended the meeting. The agenda and the submitted abstracts are available at http://www.cann-net.ca/images/CSN_2014.pdf.
Meeting questions
The specific questions posed of meeting attendees were as follows:
Should the current CANN-NET clinical trial review and endorsement process continue, and are the ways to increase the value of this review process to investigators?
Should we develop a national network and clinical trial infrastructure, and if so, what should be the goals?
Should the committee help define a national research clinical trial agenda, and if so, how can this be facilitated?
Proceedings
RSS opened the meeting and introduced her co-facilitators MW and CR and the other members of the CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee. All participants then introduced themselves with a brief statement about their motivation for attending. The common themes expressed were a strong enthusiasm for the meeting, a desire to facilitate research at their respective centers, and a desire to improve collaboration across Canadian centers through creation of a formalized trial network.
a) Current state of CKD, AKI, and dialysis trials in Canada
CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee
The purpose and function of this committee in its current form was summarized by RSS. The CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee was established in 2010 to review and provide feedback to investigators on their proposed trials. This process of early peer-review from multiple centers is intended to evaluate the significance of the proposed research question(s), improve the methodological quality of the protocol, evaluate and enhance feasibility of recruitment, and ultimately increase funding success of protocols submitted to provincial and national funding agencies. The Committee welcomes trial protocol submissions at any stage of development, and at any time, and it was noted that the review process can be iterative. For investigators seeking a formal letter of support or endorsement to accompany a grant funding application, deadline for receipt of protocols by the committee is 6 weeks before the agency deadline. Each protocol is reviewed independently by two committee members; this is followed by a committee discussion, and constructive written feedback is provided to investigators. If requested, and if in the judgment of the committee the proposed trial is feasible, methodologically sound, and addresses an important clinical question in nephrology (ideally one of the recognized Canadian investigator or patient research priorities [2]), a letter of support or endorsement is provided.
Since 2010, 17 trial protocols have been reviewed, of which 6 have received endorsement from the committee, and 4 have been funded and are in progress [3]. The meeting provided an opportunity to reflect on these past activities and to discuss future directions for the committee.
Ongoing and planned trials in Canada
Several attendees submitted abstracts of current or proposed clinical trials. Abstracts describing the projects were included in the meeting materials and are posted on the website [4]. These were briefly summarized for the group by each investigator. It was clear that a broad range of clinical trials were ongoing despite lack of a formalized national network. Questions spanned optimal drug therapies, dialysis interventions, and models of delivery of care. Methodologies included parallel and cluster RCTs. Target populations included people with chronic kidney disease, people on dialysis, people with acute kidney injury, and children with kidney diseases. The projects frequently involved collaboration with centers in Canada and internationally. Most trials evinced a “make it happen” philosophy, with resources and funding cobbled together from many sources including start-up funds for new investigators, university awards and grants, as well as tri-council funding.
b) Patient priorities survey: methods and results
Dr. Manns presented insights from a recent research priority-setting exercise which sought to identify the most important unanswered questions about the management of kidney failure from the perspective of adult patients on or nearing dialysis, their caregivers, and the health care professionals who care for them. With increasing emphasis among health care providers and funders on patient-centered care, this work was an acknowledgement that patients and their caregivers should be included when establishing priorities for research. This thinking is in line with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian SPOR initiative—“Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research.”
During this process, a national survey of 317 patients, caregivers, and health care providers was conducted to identify unanswered research questions, followed by a facilitated workshop including 34 patients, caregivers, and a multidisciplinary group of health care providers. At this workshop, the top ten research uncertainties were identified which included questions about enhanced communication among patients and providers, dialysis modality options, itching, access to kidney transplantation, heart health, dietary restrictions, depression, and vascular access. A full list is available at http://www.cann-net.ca/committees/research-priorities-survey#results, and more details are available in a recent publication [2].
The group reflected on the contrast between patient and investigator priorities. Although a formal comparison has not yet been performed, the uncertainties of patients appear to focus more on improving symptoms, and optimizing communication, while investigator priorities appeared to focus more on determining how to extend life.
c) Lessons learned from other successful trial networks
Canadian Kidney Transplant Network
Dr. John Gill, president of the Canadian Society of Nephrology, emphasized what he perceived were the key steps in successful development of the Canadian Kidney Transplant Network. He emphasized that they identified key leaders (e.g., division chairs) to advocate for development and prioritization of trial infrastructure at participating sites. Initially, a few key centers were chosen to form the nucleus of the network. Specifically, those centers that had dedicated investigators with proven track records, existing infrastructure in the form of funding and experienced coordinators, and a culture of trial participation among the patients formed the foundation of the network, upon which other centers were added. As the network grew, a formal centrally coordinating site to run multicenter trials was developed. This model has proven extremely successful for them.
Australasian Kidney Trials Network
Dr. Meg Jardine described several strategic and tactical lessons learned in the creation and growth of the Australasian Kidney Trials Network (AKTN) [5]. She stressed the importance of trial design, starting with the selection of a research question that resonates strongly with the clinical community. Independent expert advice outside the network and direct stakeholder engagement are sought to set priorities. Simple pragmatic questions and designs are preferred. For example, they specifically avoid long and complex patient selection criteria, requirement for multiple biological samples, and time-consuming measurements—such barriers inhibit trial recruitment, escalate costs, and diminish success and thus are avoided as much as possible. To facilitate recruitment, they collaborate and engage with centers early in the protocol development process, rather than at the end, and they ensure coordination of studies to avoid competition for recruitment in the same patient population. Allowing sufficient time for ethics and institutional review processes at separate sites is a priority. She concluded by emphasizing the human element in networks, the supreme importance of engaging respected opinion leaders, of developing trust based on collaboration and mutual support, and of continually looking outward to recruit, renew, and grow.
European Vasculitis Study Group and Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
MW described the structure and practices of the European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS) [6] and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (CCCTG) [7]. EUVAS is a template for a group of geographically dispersed individuals from a variety of medical backgrounds that meet regularly and undertake multicenter trials without any specific funding as a group. There is an informal structure that includes an executive comprised of about five members, but the group is in most respects egalitarian and inclusive and imposes no membership fees or specific member obligations. Meetings tend to occur alongside major specialty meetings, and members self-fund attendance. The meetings are used to update interested members on the progress of current observational and interventional studies as well as to discuss potential new studies, with an implicit goal of directing the overall field of vasculitis research and avoiding competition between studies. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group is similar in that it holds regular meetings to which members also self-fund attendance. It differs in that there is an annual membership fee to cover administrative costs and the meetings take place as stand-alone events rather than in conjunction with society meetings. The meetings are a formal venue to discuss proposed projects in detail with feedback from the CCCTG membership. The meetings are also open to non-physician researchers and research staff.
Pediatric networks in Canada
Dr. Catherine Morgan described a number of successful pediatric networks in Canada, including the Pediatric Group within the CCCTG and the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) [8] network. Both are networks with great success in facilitating high quality pediatric trials. She highlighted that these networks were developed to address the dearth of evidence in pediatric medicine. In a review of randomized trials with interventions of relevance to both adults and children, the effect of the interventions is not studied in children in more than half. She identified that the common threads within successful pediatric networks have been a pre-existing collaborative environment, mentorship and reinforcement from experienced trialists, promotion of a positive culture of research, and provision of access to individuals with trial expertise. She emphasized the value of regular meetings and face-to-face interactions in fostering mentorship and building strategic alliances. Pediatric trials within CCCTG evolved under the mentorship of a strong adult-led group although the network is now very much an integration of pediatric and adult research process. The discussion highlighted that within Canada, there are several barriers to nephrology RCTs in children that could be overcome through the development of a Pediatric Group within an Adult Network, similar to the CCCTG group. Lastly, she discussed StaR Child Health, a research network focused on the agenda of increasing the quality and quantity of pediatric trials. The network is an international group of researchers, methodologists, practitioners, regulators, and journal editors who have created standards (practical and evidence based) in the methodology of pediatric trials. The critical framework provided by this group could be utilized by a pediatric nephrology trial network within Canada.
d) Small group sessions
After the formal large group presentations, we held a series of small group sessions with the goals of defining the roles and goals of a potential network, defining the role of patient priorities, and determining the most important barriers to conducting nephrology trials in Canada as well as potential solutions.
Roles and goals of the network and the role of patient priorities
The group was asked to reflect on the themes presented by the previous speakers and address the following three questions:
What concrete deliverables do you think the clinical trial committee should work towards providing for you?
What should the specific goals of this network be?
Should future Canadian nephrology trials focus on patient-identified priorities, and if so, how can we facilitate this?
Thematic summary
The discussion was broad and wide ranging, but several recurring themes arose and are summarized below:
The CANN-NET clinical trial review process was overwhelmingly thought to be of benefit by the majority. The group felt that this activity should be continued.
A formal clinical trial network should be developed. Several potential activities and priorities for this network were discussed. The following goals were felt to be important for the incipient network:
To promote a culture of collaboration rather than competition within the Canadian nephrology community.
To promote ongoing discussion of clinical trial ideas in order to develop new studies.
To identify and address barriers to recruitment for ongoing studies.
To hold regular face-to-face meetings of investigators in order to achieve the above three goals. It was felt that regular face-to-face meetings are of critical importance to fostering mentorship and a culture of collaboration (as opposed to competition), and in building and disseminating a culture of research across Canada, and as such was a critical step towards achieving goals a to c. Such meetings would be used for developing trial ideas, scientifically reviewing and improving methodology of existing protocols, discussing ongoing progress and challenges in active trials, conducting post-trial debriefings (e.g., “lessons learned”), and developing knowledge translation strategies (an often neglected initiative).
To develop a web-based system to connect investigators with interested centers across Canada. It was felt that a web-based “matchmaking” system could be created with the following functions:
A registry of active clinical trials where centers could log in and identify themselves as interested in participating in a specific study.
A registry of centers willing to participate in trials, including information regarding the following:
Types of patient populations
Specific interests of researchers at that center
Research ethics board processes and contacts
Research coordinator contacts
A registry of patients who wish to participate in trials. This latter point was discussed at length. Such an initiative was thought to be valuable; it involves minimal risk, is not expensive, and ethics approval is not onerous.
To develop a central infrastructure to assist investigators with managing clinical trials. Several possible components and functions were discussed, most prominently the following:
Hiring central coordinator(s) to assist investigators with identification of centers, training of community health care providers, often nurses, in research coordination, including recruitment and good clinical practice
Hiring personnel to maintain the abovementioned web-based registry of information
Consideration of engaging existing Academic Research Organizations (AROs) to provide this functionality
To facilitate and prioritize the funding of national nephrology trials. It was widely felt that the existing activities of protocol review and provision of letters of endorsement were helpful at increasing credibility of trials to national peer-review agencies. However, a formal network should also advocate with government and other funders to increase the pool of funds available. For example, a formal Network could lobby government agencies (e.g., the Ontario Renal Network, British Columbia Provincial Renal Agency) to provide matching funds for CIHR applications approved by the clinical trial network. It was also suggested that the network pursue and sponsor RCT planning grants in collaboration with the Kidney Foundation of Canada (KFoC), to promote study development. In time, through advocacy as well as the conduct of high-quality RCTs in kidney disease, the network would develop a recognized brand as premier facilitator of high-profile research internationally.
Patient priorities were discussed. There was a general agreement that patient priorities should be valued and facilitated in Canadian trial research, and that an optimal balance between investigator-driven priorities and patient priorities should be pursued, as these two viewpoints were both necessary and complementary.
Patient engagement in research. It was suggested that the process of patient engagement should not be limited to priority-setting exercises and participation in specific trials. Developing a patient-driven culture of research, as exists in other specialties, e.g., oncology, where patients actively seek involvement in RCTs, was suggested as a potential activity. Whether this latter model would work in chronic kidney disease patients who may not perceive their illness as being as severe as oncology patients do is unclear. Currently, advocacy groups such as the Kidney Foundation of Canada are helpful in engaging patients, but patient involvement in research could be further facilitated by the following:
Involving patients in the CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee
Involving patients in meetings planning study protocols, expecting that their input would be particularly important in areas including what study outcomes should be included
Advertising ongoing trials directly to patients through bulletin boards, websites, and posters rather than waiting for investigators and coordinators to approach them
Developing specific initiatives to fund trials addressing patient-identified research priorities
Allowing patients to directly join the registry described above
Exploiting synergies with the KFoC. Mr. Wim Wolfs, National Director of Research for the KFoC, and Mr. Paul Shay, National Executive Director of the KFoC, suggested that several synergies might be exploited between KFoC and the network. For example, the KFoC has an existing social media network that could be used to improve communication with stakeholders and increase the profile of the network. Private discussion forums could be set up for investigators and CANN-NET groups. Clinical trials could be listed on the website. E-news letters for advertising trials to patients and aiding recruitment could be employed. The KFoC could also fund RCT planning grants and other initiatives supporting trials developed by the network.
Barriers and potential solutions to conducting nephrology trials in Canada
To facilitate discussion of this topic, small groups were given a hypothetical request to participate in a clinical trial (see Additional file 1 for questions posed) and were asked to reflect on specific barriers and potential solutions to participating in that clinical trial. The groups were asked to approach the problem from two viewpoints: that of a participating center, and that of a principal investigator soliciting participation. The identified barriers and solutions were then shared and discussed with the group. Several recurrent themes emerged from this discussion and are summarized in Table 1.
Final recommendations
Based on the themes elicited at the meeting, the following action items were endorsed by the CANN-NET Clinical Trials Committee:
The committee will proceed with the formation of a Canadian clinical trial network, planning twice-yearly meetings of network participants to be held initially in conjunction with national or international society meetings.
The committee will engage with the Kidney Foundation of Canada and other agencies as needed to develop online networking tools as described.
The committee will engage with the Kidney Foundation of Canada to launch a new funding competition for meeting and planning grants with the intent of providing financial support for meetings that will enable the conduct of prospective research (i.e., randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies).
The committee will further consider ways in which a core RCT infrastructure might be funded and maintained.
The committee will advocate for a more patient-centered approach to nephrology research by supporting studies that include patient- and/or caregiver-identified priorities.
Additional file
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Ms. Sarah Gil for coordinating the administrative details of the meeting and for her editorial assistance in preparing this manuscript. We would like to thank the Canadian Society of Nephrology for their assistance in organizing this meeting. The meeting was sponsored by the Kidney Foundation of Canada. CANN-NET is supported by a Network Catalyst grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (grant number 251048) and by the Kidney Foundation of Canada. RSS is supported by a Clinician Researcher Scholar Award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé.
CR has received funding from Takeda. CMC has received consultation, advisory board membership, or research funding from Pfizer, Leo Pharma, Astellas, Janssen, Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Baxter. FM has received research funding from Takeda, Pfizer, Leo Pharma, and Amgen. BJM has received investigator-initiated research funding from Baxter. RSS has received a peer-reviewed research grant from Baxter.
RSS, MW, CR, BJM, and WW planned the meeting, set the agenda, and facilitated the discussion. NZ took the detailed minutes. CR wrote the first draft which was then heavily revised by major contributions from RSS, BJM, MW, CMC, SMS, CJM, and NZ. All the authors listed above conceived the concept of and organized the meeting together and also participated in the meeting. CR drafted the first version of the manuscript and responses to reviewers. RSS helped draft the manuscript and responses to reviewers and took responsibility as corresponding author. All authors edited and approved the final manuscript.