Low solute concentration interstitial diffusion was modelled to show the effects of an interstitial solute on flow stress, residual stress and hardness. In the present paper, the Ti–N system is used as an example to model this process. However, the concept is general and can be applied to similar systems that benefit from the hardening treatment. Profiles of solute concentration as a function of distance into the sample are shown for various combinations of pressure, temperature and time. It is shown that hardness, flow stress and residual stress all increase in magnitude with solute concentration. Large residual stresses are created in the hardened layer which are sustained owing to the corresponding increase in flow stress.
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