Abstract
Duplex stainless steels were gas tungsten arc welded without filler material in various Ar–N2 mixed gas atmospheres. Weld metals having different nitrogen contents were annealed at 900–1300 K to examine the single effect of nitrogen on the σ transformation. Nitrogen content of the weld metal did not influence the nose temperature and the time for σ initiation in time–temperature–precipitation diagrams for σ, but did decrease the σ content after annealing for long times. These results were correlated with the nitrogen content and microstructure of the weld metals. The effect of σ on the fracture toughness of the weld metal was evaluated by the small punch (SP) test. A small amount of σ in the weld metal led to a marked decrease in the SP energy.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Folkhard
E.
: ‘Welding metallurgy of stainless steels’, 186 –196 ; 1988 , Vienna , Springer-Verlag .
2.
Karlsson
L.
,
Ryen
L.
, and
Pak
S.
Weld. J. Res. (Suppl .), 1995 , 74 , (1 ), 28s –40s .
3.
Tseng
C. C.
,
Shen
Y.
,
Thompson
S. W.
,
Mataya
M. C.
, and
Krauss
G.
Metall. Mater. Trans ., 1994 , 25A , (6 ), 1147 –1158 .
4.
Shaikh
H.
,
Pujar
M. G.
,
Sivaibarasi
N.
,
Sivaprasad
P. V.
, and
Khatak
H. S.
Mater. Sci. Technol ., 1994 , 10 , (12 ), 1096 –1103 .
5.
Li
J.
,
Wu
T.
, and
Riquier
Y.
Mater. Sci. Eng ., 1994 , A174, 149 –156 .
6.
Maehara
Y.
,
Fujino
N.
, and
Kunitake
T.
Tetsu-to-Hagané (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn) , 1982 , 68 , (6 ), 129 –137 .
7.
Kokawa
H.
,
Kuwana
T.
, and
Yamamoto
A.
Weld. J. Res. (Suppl .), 1989 , 68 , (3 ), 92s –101s .
8.
Song
Y.
,
Baker
T. N.
, and
Mcpherson
N. A.
Mater. Sci. Eng ., 1996 , A212, 228 –234 .
9.
Nilsson
J. O.
,
Huhtala
T.
,
Jonsson
P.
,
Karlsson
L.
, and
Wilson
A.
Metall. Mater. Trans ., 1996 , 27A , (8 ), 2169 –2208 .
10.
Shaikh
H.
,
Khatak
H. S.
,
Seshadri
S. K.
,
Gnanamoorthy
J. B.
, and
Rodriguez
P.
Metall. Mater. Trans ., 1995 , 26A , (7 ), 1859 –1868 .
11.
Shek
C. H.
,
Shen
G. J.
,
Lai
J. K. L.
, and
Duggan
B. J.
Mater. Sci. Technol ., 1994 , 10 , (4 ), 306 –311 .
12.
Ohmori
Y.
and
Maehara
Y.
Tetsu-to-Hagané (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn) , 1984 , 70 , (3 ), 428 –435 .
13.
Kuroda
T.
,
Matsuda
F.
, and
Bunno
K.
Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1995 , 13 , (1 ), 116 –123 .
14.
Babu
S. S.
,
David
S. A.
,
Vitek
J. M.
, and
Miller
M. K.
Metall. Mater. Trans ., 1996 , 27A , (3 ), 763 –774 .
15.
Obata
E.
,
Itoh
K.
, and
Iikubo
T.
Electr. Furn. Steel , 1978 , 49 , (4 ), 242 –250 .
16.
Maehara
Y.
,
Koike
M.
,
Fujino
N.
, and
Kunitake
T.
Tetsu-to-Hagané (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn) , 1981 , 67 , (3 ), 577 –585 .
17.
Ravindranath
K.
and
Malhotra
S. N.
Corrosion , 1994 , 50 , (4 ), 318 –328 .
18.
Tisinai
G. F.
,
Stanley
J. K.
, and
Samans
C. H.
Trans. AIME , 1954 , 200 , (11 ), 1259 –1267 .
19.
Ogawa
K.
, m. Miura, and y. Komizo : Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1991 , 9 , (2 ), 269 –275 .
20.
Komizo
Y.
,
Ogawa
K.
, and
Azuma
S.
Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1990 , 8 , (2 ), 242 –249 .
21.
Kokawa
H.
,
Okada
J.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1992 , 10 , (4 ), 496 –502 .
22.
Kokawa
H.
,
Okada
J.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Weld. Int ., 1993 , 7 , (5 ), 384 –389 .
23.
Kokawa
H.
,
Umeda
S.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1993 , 11 , (4 ), 531 –537 .
24.
Kokawa
H.
,
Umeda
S.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Weld . Int ., 1994 , 8 , (6 ), 467 –473 .
25.
Kokawa
H.
,
Tomita
M.
, and
Kuwana
T.
1994 , IIW, 67 –72 .
26.
Kokawa
H.
,
Tomita
M.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1994 , 12 , (3 ), 404 –410 .
27.
Kokawa
H.
,
Tomita
M.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Weld . Int ., 1995 , 9 , (3 ), 217 –224 .
28.
Kokawa
H.
,
Tsory
E.
, and
North
T. H.
ISIJ Int ., 1995 , 35 , (10 ), 1277 –1283 .
29.
Matsunaga
H.
,
Sato
Y. S.
,
Kokawa
H.
, and
Kuwana
T.
Sci Technol. Weld. Joining , 1998 , 3 , (5 ), 225 –232 .
30.
Nagano
H.
and
Kowaka
M.
Tetsu-to-Hagané (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn) , 1980 , 66 , (8 ), 1150 –1159 .
31.
Ogawa
T.
and
Koseki
T.
Weld. J. Res. (Suppl .), 1989 , 68 , (5 ), 181s –191s .
32.
Kameda
J.
: Bull. Jpn Inst. Met ., 1986 , 25 , (6 ), 520 –527 .
33.
Baik
J.-M.
,
Kameda
J.
, and
Buck
O.
Scr. Metall . 1983 , 17 , (12 ), 1443 –1447 .
34.
Misawa
T.
,
Adachi
T.
,
Saito
M.
, and
Hamaguchi
Y.
J. Nucl. Mater ., 1987 , 150 , 194 –202 .
35.
Misawa
T.
,
Nagata
S.
,
Aoki
N.
,
Ishizaka
J.
, and
Hamaguchi
Y.
J. Nucl. Mater ., 1989 , 169 , 225 –232 .
36.
Suzuki
M.
,
Eto
M.
,
Nishiyama
Y.
,
Fukaya
K.
,
Saito
M.
, and
Misawa
T.
J. Nucl. Mater ., 1992 , 191 –194 , 1023–1027.
37.
Suutala
N.
,
Takalo
T.
, and
Moisio
T.
Metall. Trans ., 1979 , 10A , (4 ), 512 –514 .
38.
Suutala
N.
,
Takalo
T.
, and
Moisio
T.
Metall. Trans ., 1979 , 10A , (8 ), 1173 –1181 .
39.
Suutala
N.
,
Takalo
T.
, and
Moisio
T.
Metall. Trans ., 1979 , 10A , (8 ), 1183 –1190 .
40.
Suutala
N.
,
Takalo
T.
, and
Moisio
T.
Metall. Trans ., 1980 , 11A , (5 ), 717 –725 .
41.
Nilsson
J.-O.
: Mater. Sci. Technol ., 1992 , 8 , (8 ), 685 –700 .
42.
Hull
F. C.
: Weld J. Res. (Suppl .), 1973 , 52 , (3 ), 104s –113s .
43.
Wegrzyn
J.
and
Klimpel
A.
Weld J. Res. (Suppl .), 1981 , 60 , (8 ), 146s –154s .
44.
Gill
T. P. S.
,
Vijayalakshmi
M.
,
Gnanamoorthy
J. B.
, and
Padmanabhan
K. A.
Weld. J. Res. (Suppl .), 1986 , 65 , (5 ), 122s –128s .
45.
Smith
J. J.
and
Farrar
R. A.
J. Mater. Sci ., 1991 , 26 , 5025 –5036 .
46.
Gill
T. P. S.
,
Shankar
V.
,
Vijayalakshmi
M.
, and
Rodriguez
P.
Scr. Metall. Mater ., 1992 , 27 , 313 –318 .
47.
Gill
T. P. S.
,
Shankar
V.
,
Pujar
M. G.
, and
Rodriguez
P.
Scr. Metall. Mater ., 1995 , 32 , 1595 –1600 .