Abstract
The term isostatic compaction is applied to methods of compacting powders in which a uniform pressure is applied simultaneously to all the external surfaces of a powder body. This is usually achieved, as shown schematically in Fig. 1, by sealing the powder in a flexible envelope and immersing the assembly in a fluid that can be pressurised in some manner. Variations of the process have been developed, where it is questionable if the pressure is applied with true uniformity to all surfaces, but there is nevertheless a clear distinction between this pressure-uniformity aspect of isostatic compaction and other methods of compacting metal powders (die-compaction, roll-compaction, cyclic compaction, &c.). The distinction arises not only from the different modes of application of pressure but also from the absence in the isostatic methods of tool/powder friction. Arising from this greater pressure uniformity are a number of technical advantages that constitute the main reasons for the application of isostatic compaction to metal powders.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Madden
W. D.
Patent
U.S.
No. I 081 618,
1913 .
2.
Goolidge
W. P.
Patent
U.S.
No. 1 226 470,
1917 .
3.
Pfanstiehl
C. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. I 321 125,
1919 .
4.
Skaupy
F.
, 'Metallkeramik',
3rd edn . 1043 : Berlin (Verlas Chemie G.m.b.H.).
5.
Yu
M.
. Baishin, 'Poroshkovoe metallovedenie'. 1948 : Moscow (Metallurgizdat).
6.
Borok
B. A.
, Toroshkova Metallurgiya Jaroslavl,' p. 187 . 1956 .
7.
Morgan
W. R.
and R. L. Sands , (BSA Group Research Centre), unpublished work .
8.
Konopicky
K.
, Taralletitar der Gesetzmassigkeiten in Keramik und Pulvermetallurgie,' p. 141; Radex-Rundschau , 1948 , 141 .
9.
Heckel
R. W.
, Trans. Met. Soe. Á.I.M.E ., 1961 , 221 , 1001 .
10.
Burr
M. F.
Donachie
M. J.
, J, Metals , 1963 , 15 , 849.
11.
Greenspan
J.
, 'Metals for the Space Age' (edited by
Benesovsky
F.
), p. 163 . 1964 : Vienna (Springer).
12.
Van Buren
C. E.
Hirsch
H. H.
, 'Powder Metallurgy' (edited by
Leszynski
W.
), p. 403 . 1961 : New York and London (Interscience Publishers) .
13.
Poyner
G. T.
Tracey
V. A.
Watkinson
J. F.
, ibid ., p. 701 .
14.
Sands
R. L
Watkinson
J. F.
, Powder Met ., 1960 , (5) , 85 .
15.
Powell
R. A.
, Internat. J. Powder Met ., 1965 , 1 , (3 ), 13 .
16.
Long
W. M.
, Powder Met ., 1960 , (6) , 73 .
17.
Jones
W. D.
, 'Fundamental Principles of Powder Metallurgy'
1961 : London (Butterworths).
18.
Aketa
Y.
Taneka
Y.
Tsuwa
H.
, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ 1965 , 15 , 81 .
19.
Lloyd
H.
Symonds
A. E.
, Powder Met ., 1960 , (6) , 170 .
20.
Jenkins
I.
, 'Chemical Engineering Practice' , Vol. 2 , (edited by
Cremer
H. W.
Davies
T.
) p. 483 1956 ; London
21.
Clark
F.
, 'Advanced Techniques in Powder Metallurgy'
1963 .. Metals Park , Ohio (Amer Soc. Metals ).
22.
Pfanstiehl
C. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. 2 169 280,
1939 .
23.
Highriter
H. W.
Curcio
R.
Kaempf
L.
, Ref. 12, p. 443 .
24.
'Powder Metallurgy', p
. 91.
1955 : Paris (O.E.E.G.); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
25.
Jeffery
B. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. 1 864365 , 1932 .
26.
Jeffery
B. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. 1 863 854,
1932 .
27.
Jeffery
B. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. 2 152 738,
1939 .
28.
Jeffery
B. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. 2 251 454,
1941 .
29.
Jeffery
B. A.
Patent
U.S.
No. 2 290 910,
1942 .
30.
Brit. Patent
No. 742
936,
1956
(Utica Drop Forge and Tool Co.).
31.
Brit. Patent
No. 758
786,
1956
(Utica Drop Forge and Tool Co.).
32.
Penrice
T. W.
, Brit. Patent No . 781 982 , 1957 .
33.
Penrice
T. W.
, 'Special Ceramics' (edited by
Popper
P.
), p. 329 . 1960 : London (Heywood).
34.
Penrice
T. W.
, Powder Met ., 1958 , (1/2), 79 .
35.
Manning
W. R. D.
, 'High-Pressure Engineering', (Bulleid Memorial Lecture),
Vol. II . 1963 : London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
36.
Cole
B. N.
Davies
R.
, Engineer , 1962 , 214, Sept. 28 .
37.
Muzzall
C. E.
, 'Compendium of Gas Autoclave Engineering Studies',
Union Carbide Corpn. Rep ., (Y-1478 ), 1965 .
38.
Jackson
H. C.
, Machinery {London ), 1965 , 106 , 249.
39.
Bunshah
R. P.
Juntz
R. S.
, 'Transactions of the Vacuum Metallurgy Conference,
p. 21 . 1963 : New York (Amer. Vacuum Soc.).
40.
Blackburn
A. R.
Shevlin
T. S.
, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc ., 1951 , 34s 327 .
41.
Donovan
M.
, Brit . Patent No . 787352 , 1957 .
42.
Schwarzkopf
P.
Patent
U.S.
No. 2 447 434,
1948 .
43.
Wagner
H. E.
Harman
C. G.
, Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull ., 1951 , 30 , 341.
44.
Vassiliou
B. E.
, Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc ., 1957 , 56 , 516.
45.
Jackson
H. C.
, Progress Powder Met ., 1964 , 20 , 159.
46.
Jackson
H. C.
, 'Modern Developments in Powder Metallurgy',
Vol. I , p. 188 . 1966 : New York (Plenum Press).
47.Ceram. Age, 1964 , 80 , (4) , 84 .
48.Steel, 1959 , 145 , (19) , 158 .
49.
Lachman
J. S.
, Indust. and Eng. Chem ., 1961 , 53 , 46A .
50.Indust. Eng., 1962 , 29 , 842.
51.
Toaz
M. W.
Davies
G. F.
Johnson
R. D.
Wright Patterson Air Force Base Rep ., (AMCTR-60-7-764 ), 1960 .
52.
Shakespeare
C. R.
Oliver
D. A.
, Ref. 46, Vol. 2 , p. 253 .
53.
Montgomery
W. T.
Thomas
H.
, Powder Met ., 1960 , (6) , 125 .
54.
Cooley
R. A.
, Ref. 12, p. 525 .
55.
Carlson
R.J.
Porembka
A. W.
Simons
C. C.
, Ceram. Bull ., 1966 , 45 , 266.
56.
Paprocki
S. J.
Simons
C. C.
Carlson
R. J.
, 'Creative Manufacturing Seminars 1961-62', (SP62-29),
Amer. Soc. Tool and Manuf. Eng .
57.
Porembka
S. W.
Simons
C. C.
, 'Creative Manufacturing Seminars
1960 –61 , (SP60 –102 ).
58.
Patent
U.S.
No. 2 648 125,
1941 .
59.
Cook
J. H.
, Sheet Metal Ind ., 1960 , 37 , 253.
60.
Toaz
M. W.
Davies
G. F.
Johnson
R. D.
, Progress Powder Met ., 1960 , 16 , 152.
61.
Hodge
E. S.
, Powder Met ., 1964 , 7 , (14 ), 168 .
62.
Vasilos
T.
Spriggs
R. M.
, Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc ., 1965 , 3 , 195.
63.
Blainey
A.
, Metal Progress , 1958 , 74 , (3 ), 95 .
64.
Williams
J.
, Powder Met ., 1958 , (1/2), 94 .
65.
Levey
R. P.
, Union Carbide Corpn., Nuclear Div., Rep., (Y-1487) , 1965 .
66.
Sands
R. L.
Herbert
E. P.
Morgan
W. R.
, Powder Mel ., 1965 , 8 , (15 ), 129 .
67.
Carmichael
D. C.
Ownby
P. D.
Hodge
E. S.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rep . (BMI-1746 ), 1965 .
68.
Hodge
E. S.
Boyer
C. B.
Orcutt
F. D.
, Indust. and Eng. Chem ., 1962 , 54 , 31.
69.Ibid., 1956 , 48 , 826.
70.
Bridgman
P. W.
, 'The Physics of High Pressure'.
1949 : London (G. Bell and Sons).
71.
Hodge
E. S.
Gripshöver
P. J.
Hanes
H. D.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rep ., (CONF-729-2 ), 1964 .
72.
Paprocki
S.J.
Hodge
E. S.
Perrin
J. S.
, ibid., (BMI-1545) , 1961 .
73.
Carmichael
D. C.
Gripshöver
P. J.
Hodge
E. S.
Paprocki
S. J.
, ibid., (BMI-1374) , 1959 .
74.
Porembka
S. W.
, Ceram. Age , 1963 , 79 , (11 ), 68 .
75.
Maykuth
D. J.
Ratliff
J. L.
and H. R . Ogden, Metal Progress , 1964 , 85 , (6 ), 109 .
76.
Maykuth
D. J.
Ratliff
J. L.
Ogden
H. R.
, J. Spacecraft and Rockets , 1965 , 2 , 244.
77.Precision Metal Molding, 1964 , 22,
(1) , 50 .
78.
Metal Ind
., 1964 , 104, 314 .
79.
Oxley
J. H.
Beidler
E. A.
Blocher
J. M.
Lyons
C. J.
Park
R. S.
Pearson
J. H.
, Plansee Proc. , 1964 , 278 .
80.
Precision Metal Molding
, 1962 , 20 , (4) , 38.
81.
Zambrow
J. L.
, Progress Powder Met. , 1962 , 18 , 26.
82.
Tatman
M. E.
, Aircraft Prodn. , 1961 , 23 , 466.
83.
Hodge
E. S.
, Mat. Design Eng. , 1965 , 61 , (5) , 92.
84.
Paprocki
S. J.
Keller
D. L.
Cunningham
G. W.
Kizer
D. E.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rep. , (BMI-1487 ), 1960 .
85.
Paprocki
S.J.
, ibid., (BMI-1475) , 1960 .
86.
Cunningham
G. W.
Kizer
D. E.
Paprocki
S. J.
, Plansee Proc ., 1961 , 483 .
87.
Hodge
E. S.
Porembka
S. W.
Boyer
C. B.
Diersing
R. J.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rep ., (BMI-1640 ), 1963 .
88.
Paprocki
S. J.
Porembka
S. W.
Hodge
E. S.
Keller
D. L.
Boyer
C. B.
, ibid., (BMI-1555) , 1961 .
89.
Porembka
S. W.
Boyer
C. B.
Hauth
J. J.
, ibid., (BMI-1637) , 1963 .
90.
Wasilewski
J. C.
, Indust. and Eng. Chem ., 1960 , 52, 61 a .
91.
Speidel
E. D.
Keller
D. L.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Pubi, (BMI-1633) , 1963 .
92.
Keller
D. L.
Fackelmann
J. M.
Speidel
E. D.
Paprocki
S. J.
, Plansee Proc ., 304.