Abstract
Lavoisier studied the oxidation of liquid metals by air for theoretical reasons, and even today this very early work is still an admirable example of experimental ingenuity and precise measurement. In the practical sphere use is made of the oxidation of alloying elements in the extraction of certain metals, the classic example being the cupellation of gold, whereas oxidation is something of a hindrance in the handling of liquid metals, particularly in casting.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
HaufFe
K.
, Oxydation von Metallen und Metallegierungen'. 1956 : Berlin (Springer-Verlag) ; 'Oxidation of Metals'.
1965 : New York (Plenum Press ).
2.
Kubaschewski
O.
Hopkins
B. E.
, 'Oxidation of Metals and Alloys'.
1962 : London (Butterworths ).
3.
Benard
J.
, Oxydation des Métaux'. 1962 : Paris (Gauthier-Villars ).
4.
Kofstad
P.
, 'High-Temperature Oxidation of Metals'.
1966 : New York and London (John Wiley ).
5.
Hansen
M.
Anderko
K.
, 'Constitution of Binary Alloys'.
1958 : New York and London (McGraw-Hill ).
6.
Elliott
R. P.
, 'Constitution of Binary Alloys',
Suppl. 1 . 1965 : New York and London (McGraw-Hill).
7.
Coughlin
J. P.
, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull . (542 ).
8.(a).
Elliott
J. F.
Gleiser
M.
Ramakrishna
V.
, 'Thermochemistry for Steelmaking'.
1963 : Reading , Mass. (Addison- Wesley ).
9.
'Metals Handbook'
. 1948 : Cleveland , Ohio (Amer. Soc. Metals ).
10.
Delavault
R.
, Thesis, Univ. Paris , 1936 ; Bull. Soc. Chim. France , 1934 , I , 419 .
11.
Krupkowski
A.
Balicki
S.
, Ann. Acad. Sci. Tech. Varsovie , 1937 , 4 , 242.
12.
Krupkowski
A.
Balicki
S.
, Chem. %entr ., 1937 , 2, 2594 ; Hiitnik , 1937 , 9s 138 ; Métaux et Corrosion , 1937 , 12, 89 .
13.
Krupkowski
A.
Balicki
S.
, Ann. Acad. Sci. Tech. Varsovie , 1938 , 5 > !30.
14.
Erdmann-Jesnitzer
F.
Hadamovsky
H.
Görner
R.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1958 , 49, 133 .
15.
Spinedi
P.
, Met. Ital ., 1957 , 49 , 363 .
16.
Spinedi
P.
, Gazz· Chim. Ital ., 1956 , 86 , 572 (Cd).
17.
Spinedi
P.
, ibid ., 1956 , 86 , 561 Pb).
18.
Spinedi
P.
, ibid ., 1956 , 86 , 579 Sn).
19.
Spinedi
P.
, ibid ., 1957 , 87 , 1433 Zn).
20.
Spinedi
P.
, ibid. , 1956 , 86 , 588 (Sn, Pb) .
21.
Spinedi
P.
, ibid ., 1956 , 86 , 600 (Sn, Cd) .
22.
Spinedi
P.
, ibid ., 1957 , 87 , 1420 .
23.
Bircumshaw
L. L.
Preston
G. D.
, Phil. Mag ., 1938 , 25 , 769.
24.
Preston
G. D.
Bircumshaw
L. L.
, ibid ., 1936 , 21 , 686.
25.
Hohn
H.
Fitzer
E.
Chizzola
H.
Nedwed
H.
, anorg. Chem ., 1954 , 275 , 32 .
26.
Hofmann
W.
Mahlich
K. H.
, Werkstoffe u. Korrosion , 1951 , 2 , 55·
27.
Archbold
T. F.
Grace
R. E.
, Trans. Met. Soc. AJ.M.E ., 1958 , 212 , 658.
28.
Gebhardt
E.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1946 , I , 87.
29.
Vacher
H. C.
, Ref. 8, p. 1151 .
30.
Besson
J.
Deportes
C.
Schmitt
R.
Danger
G.
, Bull. Soc. Chim. France , 1966 , 3394 .
31.
Allen
N. P.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1932 , 49 , 317.
32.
Hennig
H.
, Z· Erzberg. u. Metallhüttenwesen , 1955 , 8, 117 .
33.
Paganelli
M.
, Alluminio , 1965 , 34 , 225 .
34.
Bonissoni
G.
Paganelli
M.
, ibid ., 1965 , 34 , 443.
35.
Thiele
W.
, Aluminium , 1962 , 38 , 707 , 780 .
36.
Balicki
S.
Leitl
J.
, Prace Inst. Hutn ., 1959 , 11 , (2 ), 71 .
37.
Domony
A.
, Metall , 1961 , 15 , 900 .
38.
Rogoss
H.
Hainke
I.
, 'Technisch Wissenschaftliche Fort schritte im Giessereiwesen'.
p. 298 . 1962 , Leipzig (Veb Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie).
39.
Balicki
S.
, Prace Inst. Hutn ., 1958 , 10 , (4 ), 208 .
40.
Drouzy
M.
and C. Mascré, Rev. Mét ., 1966 , 63 , 269.
41.
Drouzy
M.
Fontaine
D.
Paton
R.
, ibid ., 1967 , 64 , 185 .
42.
Murphy
A. J.
, 'Non-Ferrous Metallurgy'.
1954 : London (Pergamon Press).
43.
Gruhl
W.
Wassermann
G.
, Metallkunde , 1950 , 41 , 178.
44.
Shimaoka
G.
, Trans. Nat. Research Inst. Metals {Japan ), 1959 , I, (1), 72; (2), 78 .
45.
Rengade
M. E.
, Ann. Chim. Phys ., 1907 , 11 , (8 ), 348 .
46.
Rengade
M. E.
, Compt. Rend ., 1909 , 148 , 1199 .
47.
Rengade
M. E.
, Bull. Soe. Chim. France , 1909 , 5 , 994.
48.
Brauer
G.
, anorg. Chem ., 1947 , 255 , 101 .
49.
Batutis
E. F.
Walters
L. S.
, U.S. patent 2 , 866 , 702 (1955/58).
50.
Howland
W. H.
Epstein
L. F.
, Indust. and Eng. Chem ., 1957 , 49 1931·
51.
Moyer
M. I.
, Phys. Rev ., 1951 , 83 , 877.
52.
Besson
J.
Touzain
P.
, Compt. Rend ., 1964 , 258 , 3720 .
53.
Cornee
G.
Sanier
J.
, ibid , 1967 , 265 57.
54.
Krupkowski
A.
Balicki
S.
, Ref. 12, p. &
2013 .
55.
Gruhl
W.
, Metallkunde , 1949 , 40 , (6 ), 225 .
56.
Weber
E.
Baldwin
W. M.
Jr.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1952 , 194 , 854.
57.
Burkhardt
A.
, Metallwirtschaft , 1935 , 14 , 530 .
58.
Niwa
K.
Yamai
I.
Wada
T.
, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan , 1958 , 31 , (6 ), 725 .
59.
Westermann
I.
, Metall u. Erz ., 1930 , 27 , 613 .
60.
Lavoisier
A. L. P.
, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Paris , 1774 , p. 351 (Oeuvres 2 , 105).
61.
Krupkowski
A.
Piotrowski
A.
, Ann. Acad. Sci. Tech. Varsovie , 1939 –1945, 7 121.
62.
Gruhl
W.
Gruhl
U.
, Metall , 1952 , 6 , 177.
63.
Bilbrey
J. H.
Jr.
Wilson
D. A.
Spendlove
M. J.
, U.S. Bur. Mines Rep. Invest ., (5181) , Part 1 , 1955 .
64.
Ginsberg
H.
Datta
P. K.
, Aluminium , ig66,
42 , 681.
65.
Kurski
K.
, Rudy i Metale Nie zelarne , 1957 , 2, 27 .
66.
Balicki
S. L.
Wierzbicka
B.
Oberski
M.
, ibid ., 1966 , 11 , 312.
67.
Pötzschke
M.
, Giesserei , 1966 , 53 , (7 ), 194 .
68.
Balicki
S.
, Rudy i Metale Nie zela zne , 1962 , 3 , 120 .
69.
Markhasev
B. I.
Sidletsky
O. G.
, Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., (Otdel. Tekhn.) Met. i Topi , 1967 , 2, 47 .
70.
Yatsenko
S. P.
Kononenko
V. I.
Danilin
V. N.
Druzhinina
E. P.
, Trudy Inst. Khim. Ural. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.R ., 1966 , 12, 109 .
71.
Balicki
S.
Rusz
J.
, Prace Inst. Hutn ., 1958 , 10 , (1 ), 29 .
72.
Kohlmeyer
E.J.
and H. Henning, Erzberg . Metallhüttenwesen , 1954 , 7 , (4 ), 153 ·
73.
Rinck
E.
Chassain
Y.
, Compt. Rend ., 1951 , 233 , 1196 .
74.
Rinck
E.
Ghassain
Y.
, ibid ., 1952 , 234 , 958.
75.
Ostertag
H.
Chassain
Y.
, ibid ., 1954 , 238 , 684.