The foundations of the practice and application of modern mass spectrometry were laid by F. W. Aston in 1919. Following J. J. Thomson's brilliant conception of mass spectral analysis, embodied in his researches of 1913 on the behaviour of positive rays, Aston at Cambridge constructed the first mass spectrograph and demonstrated the existence of isotopes. Concurrently, A. J. Dempster in Chicago was working on the first mass spectrometer. Rapid developments soon established mass spectrometry as a leading analytical method, and subsequent advances have shown it to be one of the most powerful and probably the most versatile of research techniques known to the physical sciences. It has attained a place of considerable importance in metallurgical and solid-state investigations.
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