Abstract
Wear is a process in which the surface of an object is stressed sufficiently to cause loss of material. During rubbing, sliding, vibrating, rolling, impacting, and so on, the wear products may be produced mainly by mechanical means and, if so, the detritus has the character of the original materials. Sometimes, however, the products of wear are greatly changed by chemical processes, usually some kind of reaction between the wearing object and its environment. In general, in the wear of metals, when the fragments are metallic, the processes of wear take place on a larger geometric scale than when the detritus is chemically changed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Hertz
H.
, J. reine angew. Math. (Crelles Journal) , 1881 , 92 , 155 .
2.
Timoshenko
A. S.
, "Theory of Elasticity" . 1934 : New York and London (McGraw-Hill).
3.
Huber
M. T.
, Ann. Physik , 1904 , 14 , 153.
4.
Thomas
H. R.
Hoersch
V. A.
, Univ. Illinois Eng. Exper. Sta. Bull ., 1930 , (212 ).
5.
Poritsky
H.
, J. Appl. Mechanics (Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng .), 1950 , 72 , 191 .
6.
Hamilton
G. M.
, Assoc. Elect. .Ind. Rep . (A.1374) , 1963 .
7.
Hamilton
G. M.
Goodman
L. E.
, J. Appl. Mechanics , to be published.
8.
Halliday
J. S.
, "Proceedings of the Conference on Lubrication and Wear" p. 640 . 1958 : London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
9.
Lancaster
J. K.
, Brit. J. Appl. Physics , 1962 , 13 , 468.
10.
Barwell
F. T.
, "Properties of Metallic Surfaces" , p. 101 . 1952 : London (Inst. Metals).
11.
Crook
A. W.
, Nature , 1962 , 196 , 368.
12.
Bowden
F. P.
Tabor
D.
, "The Friction and Lubrication of Solids" , Part II . 1984 : Oxford (Clarendon Press).
13.
Merwin
J. E.
Johnson
K. L.
, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng ., 1963 , 177, 12. Paper No. 25 .
14.
a'Welsh
N.
, "Proceedings of the Conference on Lubrication and Wear" , p.
701 . 1958 : London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
15.
Crook
A. W.
, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng ., 1957 , 171 , 187.
16.
Hamilton
G. M.
, ibid ., 1963 , 177, 1. Paper No. 25 .
17.
Johnson
K. L.
Jefferis
J. A.
, "Symposium on Fatigue in Rolling Contact" (1963 ), Paper
No. 5 . London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
18.
Martin
EL M.
, Engineering , 1916 , 102 , 119 .
19.
Reynolds
O.
, Trans. Roy. Soc ., 1886 , 177, (I), 157 .
20.
Crook
A. W.
, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc ., 1957 , [A], 250 , 387.
21.
Crook
A. W.
, ibid ., 1961 , [A], 254 , 237.
22.
Crook
A. W.
, ibid ., 1963 , [A], 255 , 281.
23.
Sibley
L. B.
Orcutt
F. K.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Lubrication Eng ., 1961 , 4,234 .
24.
Kannel
J. W.
Bell
J. C.
Allen
C. M.
, "Proceedings of Lubrication Con-ference" (1964 ), Paper No. 64LC-23. (Amer. Soc. Lubrication Eng.).
25.
Dowson
D.
Higginson
G. R.
,
Mech.
J.
Eng. Ed. , 1959 , 1 , 6.
26.
Dowson
D.
Higginson
G. R.
Whitaker
A. V.
, ibid ., 1962 , 4 , 121.
27.
Archard
G. D.
Gair
F. C.
Hirst
W.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1961 , [A], 262 , 51.
28.
Archard
J. F.
Kirk
M. T.
, ibid ., 1961 , [A], 261 , 532.
29.
Dawson
P. H.
and C. Tate, AEI Eng ., 1961 , 1 , (Dec .), 442 .
30.
Crook
A. W.
, Nature , 1961 , 190 , 1182 .
31.
Way
S.
, J. Appl. Mechanics , 1935 , 2 , 49 .
32.
Moyar
S.
Morrow
A.
, Univ. Illinois Dept. Theoret. Appl. Mechanics T. and A.M. Rep . (565 ), 1958 .
33.
Evans
L. S.
Tourret
R.
, J. Inst. Petroleum , 1952 , 38 , 663.
34.
Timms
C.
, Machinery , 1960 , 96 , 785 .
35.
Crook
A. W.
Shotter
B. A.
, "Proceedings of the Conference on Lubrication and Wear" , p. 205 . 1958 : London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
36.
Shatter
B. A.
, "International Conference on Gearing" (1958 ), Paper
No. 15 . London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
37.
Dawson
P. H.
, J. Mech. Eng. Sci ., 1962 , 4 , 16.
38.
Dawson
P. H.
, "Symposium on Fatigue in Rolling Contact" (1963 ), Paper
No. 4 . London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
39.
Cheaters
W. T.
, "International Conference on Gearing" (1958 ), Paper
No. 21 . London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
40.
Burwell
J. T.
Strang
C. D.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1952 , [A], 212 , 470.
41.
Archard
J. F.
, ibid ., 1957 , [A], 243 , 190.
42.
Dyson
J.
Hirst
W.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1954 , [B], 67 , 309.
43.
Blok
H.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1952 , [A], 212 , 480.
44.
Halliday
J. S.
, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng ., 1955 , 169 , 777.
45.
Menter
J. W.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1952 –53, 81 , 163.
46.
Haine
M. E.
Hirst
W.
, Brit. J. Appl. Physics , 1953 , 4 , 239.
47.
Archard
J. F.
, Research , 1952 , 5 , 395.
48.
Archard
J. F.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1953 , 24 , 981.
49.
Archard
J. F.
Hirst
W.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1956 , [A], 236 , 397.
50.
Lancaster
J. K.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1957 , [B], 70 , 112.
51.
Hirst
W.
Lancaster
J. K.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1960 , [A], 259 , 228.
52.
Kerridge
M.
Lancaster
J. K.
, ibid ., 1956 , [A], 236 , 250.
53.
Hirst
W.
Lancaster
J. K.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1956 , 27 , 1057 .
54.
Lancaster
J. K.
, Proc. Boy. Soc ., 1963 , [A], 273 , 466.
55.
Cocks
M.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1958 , 29, 1609; 1962 , 33, 2152; 1964 , 35 , 1807 .
56.
Cocks
M.
, Wear , 1965 , 8 , 85 .
57.
Antler
M.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Lubrication Eng ., 1962 , 5 , 297 .
58.
Antler
M.
, Wear , 1964 , 7 , 181 .
59.
Archard
J. F.
Hirst
IV.
, Proc. Boy. Soc ., 1957 , [A], 238 , 515.
60.
Kerridge
M.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1955 , [B], 68 , 400.
61.
Rabinowicz
E.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Lubrication Eng ., 1958 , 1 , 96 .
62.
Rabinowicz
E.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1961 , 32 , 1440 .
63.
Rabinowicz
E.
, "Friction and Wear of Materials" . 1965 : New York and London (John Wiley).
64.
Welsh
N. C.
, Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc ., 1965 , [A], 257 , 31.
65.
Archard
J. F.
, Wear , 1959 , 2 , 438.
66.
Dawson
P. H.
Fidler
F.
, AEI Eng ., 1962 , 2, (March/April), p. 54 .
67.
Welsh
N. C.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1957 , 28 , 960.
68.
Welsh
N. C.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1959 –60, 88 , 103.
69.
Welsh
N. C.
, Nature , 1958 , 181 , 1005 .
70.
Welsh
N. C.
Watts
P. E.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1961 , 198 , 30.
71.
Welsh
N. C.
Watts
P. E.
, Wear , 1962 , 5 , 289.
72.
Lancaster
J. K.
, Nature , 1962 , 196 , 368.
73.
Clark
W. T.
Connolly
A.
Hirst
W.
, Brit. J. Appl. Physics , 1963 , 14 , 20.
74.
Clark
W. T.
Lancaster
J. K.
, Wear , 1963 , 6 , 467.
75.
Porgess
P. V. K.
Wilman
H.
, Proc. Boy. Soc ., 1959 , [A], 252 , 35.
76.
Avient
B. IV. E.
Goddard
J.
Wilman
H.
, ibid ., 1960 , [A], 258 , 159.
77.
Alison
P. J.
Stroud
M. F.
Wilman
H.
, "Proceedings of Convention on Lubrication and Wear" (1965 ), Paper
No. 10 . London (Inst. Mech. Eng.).
78.
Brix
V. H.
, ibid ., Paper No. R
2 .