Abstract
Grain boundaries in crystalline solids exert a pronounced influence on almost all the properties of polycrystalline bodies, as well as affecting the kinetics of most solid-state processes that occur therein. They have therefore been the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental researches in both metallic and non-metallic solids. Previous reviews of grain boundaries1-12 have emphasized chiefly structure and some general effects of grain boundaries on properties. Here, attention will be confined to certain aspects of the chemistry of grain boundaries and grain-boundary regions. Although in many instances analogous phenomen may occur at other structural anomalies, such as coherent twin boundaries, mosaic walls, slip bands, individual dislocations, interphase boundaries, antiphase boundaries, or free surfaces, little explicit treatment of these topics will be included.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1."Metal Interfaces" . 1952 : Cleveland , O. (Amer. Soc. Metals ).
2.
Lücke
K.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1953 , 44 , 370 .
3.
Cahn
R. W.
, "Impurities and Imperfections" , g.
41 . 1955 : Cleveland , O. (Amer. Soc. Metals ).
4.
Chatterjee
G. P.
, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals , 1955156 , 9 , 275 .
5.
McLean
D.
, "Grain Boundaries in Metals" . 1957 : Oxford (Clarendon Press).
6.
Amelinckx
S.
Dekeyser
W.
, Solid-State Physics , 1959 , 8 , 327 .
7.
Aust
K. T.
, "Structure and Properties of Grain Boundaries" . General Electric Co. Research Lab. Rep . (60-R
L–2372M ).
8."Propriétés des Joints de Grains" (4' Colloque de M6tallurgie du Centre d'Etudes nucleaires de Saclay).
1981 : Paris (Presses Universitaires de France).
9.
Gifkins
R. C.
, J. Australian Inst. Metals , 1961 , 8 , 227 .
10.
Liicke
K.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1961 , 52 , 1 .
11.
Leak
G. M.
, Progress Appl. Mat. Research , 1963 , 4 , 1 .
12.
Inman
M. C.
Tipler
H. R.
, Met. Rev ., 1963 , 8 , (30 ), 105 .
13.
Smith
C. S.
, Metal Progress , 1950 , 58 , (4 ), 479 .
14.
Clifton
D. F.
Smith, Rev
C. S.
. Sci. Instruments , 1949 , 20 , 583 .
15.
Dean
G. R.
Davey,
W. P.
. Trans Amer. Soc. Metals , 1938 , 26 , 267 .
16.
Cohen
J. B.
Hurlich
A.
Jacobsen
A.
, ibid ., 1947 , 39 , 109 .
17.
Arkharov
V. I.
Ivanovskaya
S. I.
Kolesnikova
N. M.
Fofanova
T. A.
. Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie , 1956 , 2 , 57 .
18.
Westbrook
J. H.
Wood
D. L.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1962 –63, 91 , 174.
19.
Inman
M. C.
Tipler
H. R.
, Acts Met ., 1958 , 6 , 73 .
20.
Schultz
W. W.
, "Symposium on Applied Radiation and Radioisotope Teat Methods" (Special Tech. Publ.
NO. 268 ), p. 15 . 1959 : Philadelphia. Pa. (Amer. Soc. Test. Mat),
21.
Thomas
W. R.
Chalmers
B.
, Ada Met ., 1955 , 8 , 17 .
22.
Maroun
A. T.
Sheinin
S. S.
Rosenberg
A.
, ibid ., 1957 , 5 , 117 .
23.
Ward
R. G.
, ibid ., 1957 , 5 , 681 .
24.
Thomas
W. R.
Chalmers
B.
, ibid ., 1957 , 5 , 119 .
25.
Ainslie
N. G.
Hoffman
R. E.
Seybolt
A. U.
, ibid ., 1960 . 8 , 523 .
26.
Loymonie
C.
Coulomb
P.
Lacombe
P.
, Compt . rend ., 1957 , 245 , 931 .
27.
Jorgensen
P. J.
Westbrook
J. H.
, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc ., 1964 , 47 , 332 .
28.
Weinberg
F.
, Trans Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1963 , 227 , 222 .
29.
Montariol
F.
Albert
P.
Chaudron
G.
, Compt. rend ., 1952 , 235 , 477 .
30.
Montariol
F.
, ibid ., 1955 , 240 , 1087 .
31.
Robert
M.
Robillard
A.
Lacombe
P.
, ibid ., 1955 , 240 , 1089 .
32.
Nosyreva
S. S.
Polykova
A. M.
, Doklacly Akad. Nauk S.S.S.B ., 1955 , 103 , 431 .
33.
Arkharov
V.I.
Gerasimov
A. F.
Gruzin
P. L.
, Fin/ca Metallov i Metallo-vedenie , 1956 , 2 , 294 .
34.
Crussard
C.
, Berg- hilttenmann. Monatah ., 1962 , 107 , 1 .
35.
Glazunov
A.
Paukner
J.
Vondrasek
V.
, Chem. Listy , 1941 , 35 , 17 .
36.
Achter
M. R.
Smoluchowski
R.
, "The Physics of Powder Metallurgy" (edited by
Kingston
W. E.
), p . 77 . 1951 : New 'York and London (McGraw.
37.
Schultz
W. W.
, "Symposium on Applied Radiation and Radioisotope Test Methods" (Special Tech. Publ.
No. 268 ), p. 15 . 1959 : Philadelphia , Pa. (Amer. Soc. Test. Mat .).
38.
Coleman
R. F.
Perkin
J. L.
, Analyst , 1960 , 85 , 154 .
39.
Inman
M. C.
Quigley
D.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1961 –62, 90 , 51.
40.
Condit
R. H.
Holt
J. B.
, "Oxygen Diffusion in the Grain Boundary of MgO Crystals" , paper presented to the meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago , April 1964 .
41.
Castaing
R.
Philibert
J.
Crussard
C.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1947 , 209 , 389 .
42.
Roeder
E.
Klerk
M.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1963 , 54 , 462 .
43.
Brenner
S. S.
, "Metal Surfaces" , p. 305 . 1963 : Metals Park , O. (Amer. Soc. Metals ).
44.
Brandon
D. G.
Ralph
B.
Ranganathan
S.
Wald
M. S.
, Ada Met ., 1964 , 12 , 813 .
45.
Perryman
E. C. W.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 906 .
46.
Goux
C.
, Compt. rend ., 1959 , 249 , 2557 .
47.
Cuff
F. B.
Grant
N. J.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1958 –59, 87 , 248.
48.
Mykura
H.
, Phil. Meg ., 1959 , 4 , 907 .
49.
Kirk
D.
Cockcroft
M. G.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1959 –60, 88 , 320.
50.
Phillips
W. L.
, ibid ., 1963 –64, 92 , 94.
51.
Hook
R. E.
Garrett
H. J.
Adair
A. M.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1963 , 227 , 145 .
52.
Pavlick
J. E.
and H. W. Paxton , unpublished work .
53.
Phillips
V. A.
, Acta Met ., 1963 , 11 , 1139 .
54.
McLean
D.
, Ref. 8, p. 85 .
55.
Henry
G.
Plateau
J.
Waché
X.
Gerber
M.
Behar
I.
Crussard
C.
, Compt. rend ., 1959 , 248 , 1510 .
56.
Frank
F. C.
, "Metal Surfaces" , p. 1. 196
$ : Metals Park, O. (Amer. Soc. Metals ),
57.
Shewmon
P. G.
Robertson
W. M.
, ibid ., p. 67 .
58.
Gjostein
N. A.
, Ada Met ., 1963 , 11 , 960 .
59.
Phillips
A.
Brick
R. M.
, J. Franklin Inst ., 1933 , 215 , 557 .
60.
Arkharov
V. I.
, "Intercrystalline Corrosion and Corrosion of Metals under Stress" (edited by
Levin
I. A.
) (translated from Russian), p . 3 . 1962 : New York (Consultants Bureau);
1963 : London (Leonard Hill).
61.
Pearson
W. B.
, "Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys" . 1958 : London (Pergamon Press).
62.
Arkharov
V. I.
Skornyakov
N. N.
, Doklady Akcvd. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1953 , 89, 841; NSF translation No. 96 .
63.
Arkharov
V. I.
Skornyakov, Trudy Inst. Fix. Metal., Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R
N. N.
., Ural' Filial , 1955 , 16 , 75 .
64.
Arkharov
V. I.
Vangengeim
S. D.
, Fitika Metallov i Metallovedenie , 1957 , 4, 439 ; Physics Metals Metal lography , 1957 , 4 , (3) , 41 .
65.
Arkharov
V. I.
Vangengeim
S. D.
Kluyeva
I. B.
, ibid ., 1959 , 7, 457; 1959 . 7,
(3) , 135 .
66.
Arkharov
V. L.
Borisov
B. S.
Vangengeim
S. D.
, ibid ., 1960 , 10, 367; 1960 , 10 , (3) , 53 .
67.
Arkharov
V. I.
Borisov
B. S.
Vangengehn
S. D.
, ibid ., 1961 , 11, 388; 1961 , 11 , (3) , 64 .
68.
Arkharov
V. I.
Varskoy
B. N.
Skornyakov
N. N.
, Doklady Akacl. Nauk S.S.S.B ., 1953 , 89, 1003; NSF translation No. 45 .
69.
White
S.
Adams
C. M.
Wulff
J.
, unpublished work, cited in Ref. 54, p. 85 .
70.
Hilliard
J. E.
Cohen
M.
Averbach
B. L.
, Ada Met ., 1960 , 8 , 26 .
71.
Inman
M. C.
McLean
D.
Tipler
H. R.
, Proc. Boy. Soc ., 1963 , [A], 273 , 538.
72.
Bolling
G. F.
Winegard
W. C.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1957 –58, 86 , 492.
73.
Beskrovnyi
A. K.
, Trudy Khar'kov Politekh. Inst ., 1957 , (11) , 153 .
74.
Blewett
T. H.
Colman
R. R.
Redman
J. K.
, Phys. Bev ., 1954 , 98 , 891 .
75.
Pearson
W. B.
, Phil. Mag ., 1954 , 45 , 1087 .
76.
MacDonald, "Handbuch der Physik"
D. K. C.
. Vol . 14 , p. 137 . 1956 .
77.
Mueller
R. K.
, "Report on 18th Annual Conference on Physical Electronics" , p. 29 . 1958 : Boston (Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
78.
Mueller
R. K.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1959 , 30 , 1004 .
79.
Mueller
R. K.
, ibid ., 1959 , 30 , 546 .
80.
Figielski
T.
, Ada Plays. Felon ., 1960 , 19 , 607 .
81.
Hamakawa
Y.
Yamaguchi
J.
, Japan J. Appl. Physics , 1962 , 1 , (6 ), 334 .
82.
Gobrecht
H.
Tausend
A.
Schmidt
H.
, Z. Physik , 1962 , 14 , 453 .
83.
Landwehr
G.
Handler
P.
, J. Physics Chem. Solids , 1962 , 23 , 891 .
84.
Dix
E. H.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1940 , 137 , 11.
85.
Dix
E. H.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1941 , 41, 928 (discussion) .
86.
Read
T. A.
Reed
J. B.
Rosenthal
H.
, "A.S.T.M.—A.I.M.E. Symposium on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Metals" , 1945 , p. 90 .
87.
McLean
D.
Northcott
L.
, J. iron. Steel Inst ., 1948 , 158 , 169 .
88.
Westbrook
J. H.
Seybolt
A. U.
Peat
A. J.
, J. Blectrochem. Soc ., 1964 , 111 , 888 .
89.
Mott
B. W.
, "Micro-Indentation Hardness Testing" , p. 204 . 1963 : London (Butterworths Scientific Publications).
90.
Westbrook
J. H.
Wood
D. L.
, Nature , 1961 , 192 , 1280 .
91.
Ljunggren
B. O. W. L.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1940 , 141 , 341 .
92.
O'Neill
H.
, Carnegie Schol. item. Iron Steel Inst ., 1928 , 17 , 109 .
93.
O'Neill
H.
, Ada Met ., 1956 , 4 , 211 .
94.
Tuchschmid
H. E.
, ibid ., 1955 , 3 , 215 .
95.
Westbrook
J. H.
Wood
D. L.
, unpublished work cited by J. R. Low, "Progress in Materials Science" , Vol. XLI , p. 24 . 1963 : Oxford (Pergamon Press).
96.
Eborall
R.
Lack
M.
Phillips
V. A.
, Bull. Inst. Metals , 1952 , 1 , 58 .
97.
Ainslie
N. G.
Phillips
V. A.
Turnbull
D.
, Ada Mel ., 1960 , 8 , 528 .
98.
Seybolt
A. U.
Westbrook
J. H.
, ibid ., 1964 , 12 , 449 .
99.
Seybolt
A. U.
and J. H. Westbrook , Plansee Proc ., 1964 .
100.
Westbrook
J. H.
Aust
K. T.
, Ada Met ., 1963 , 11 , 1151 .
101.
Phillips
V. A.
, private communication .
102.
Westbrook
J. H.
and S. Floreen , unpublished work .
103.
Arkharov
V. I.
Berenova
I. P.
Kozina
N. A.
, Doklady Akad. Naub S.S.S.R ., 1954 , 98 , 207 .
104.
Pellissier
G.
, private communication .
105.
Bastien
P.
Bleton
J.
de Kerverseau
E.
, Comp. rend ., 1948 , 227 , 726 .
106.
Bastien
P.
, 3. Bleton; and E. de Kerverseau , ibid ., 1949 , 229 , 1016 .
107.
Sbamovsky
L. M.
Rodionova
L. M.
, Doklady Abed. Nauk S.S.S .11 ., 1953 . 92, 939: NSF translation No.
221 .
108.
Rutter
J. W.
Aust
K. T.
, Tram. Met. Soc .1960 , 218 , 682 .
109.
Westbrook
J. H.
and D. L. Wood , unpublished work .
110.
Abrahamson
E. P.
Alexander,
J. A.
. Trans Amer. Soc. Metals , 1963 , 56 , 377 .
111.
Westbrook
J. H.
, ibid ., 1964 , 57 , 561 .
112.
Low
J. R.
Feustel
R. G.
Acta Met ., 1953 , 1 , 185.
113.
Steven
W.
Balajiva
K.
, .I. Iron. Steel Inst ., 1959 , 193 , 141 .
114.
Westbrook
J. H.
, "A Visit to Seven Soviet Metallurgical Laboratories" , General Electric Co. Research Lab. Rep ., (6141
L–2833M ).
115.
Metzger
M.
Intrater
J.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 821 .
116.
Sainfort
G.
Moutumt
P.
Pepin
P.
Petit
J.
Cabane,
G.
and 31. Salem, 11/1m . Sci. Rev. Mil ., 1963 , 60 , 125 .
117.
Arkharov
V. I.
Pen'tina
A. A.
, Fizika Metallov I Metallovedenie , 1957 , 5, 68 ; Physics Metals Metallography , 1957 , 5 , (1) , 52 .
118.
Kronberg
M. L.
Wilson
F. H.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1949 , 185 , 501 .
119.
Inman
M. C.
, paper presented to Conference on Electron Microscopy (Notting-ham, 1961 ); Brig . J. Appl. Physics , 1961 , 12, 585 (abstract) .
120.
Aust
K. T.
and J. H. Westbrook , unpublished work .
121.
Westbrook
J. H.
and A. J. Opinsky , unpublished work .
122.
Westbrook
J. H.
, unpublished work .
123.
Seybolt
A. U.
and J. H. Westbrook , unpublished work .
124.
Aust
K. T.
Westbrook
J. H.
, "Effect of Quenching on Grain-Boundary Hardening" , paper presented to International Conference on Lattice Defects in Quenched Metals (Argonne, Illinois . 1964 ).
125.
Seybolt
A. U.
Westbrook
J. H.
Turnbull
D.
, Acta Mel ., 1964 , 12 , 1456 ,
126.
Voce
E.
C. Hallowes
A. P.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1946 , 78 , 323 .
127.
Samuels
L. E.
, ibid ., 1949 , 76 , 91 .
128.
McLean
D.
, ibid ., 1952 –53, 81 , 121.
129.
Hopkin
L. M. T.
, ibid ., 1955 –56, 84 , 102.
130.
Eborall
R.
, "Creep and Fracture of Metals at High Temperatures" p. 229 . 1956 : London (11.11. Stationery Office).
131.
Perryman
E. C. W.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1954 –55, 83 , 369.
132.
Harper
S.
, ibid ., 1956 –57, 85 , 415.
133.
Bailey
A. R.
McDonald
R.
Samuels
L. E.
, ibid ., 1956 –57, 85 , 25.
134.
Smith
G. V.
Kranzlein
P. M.
Burton
M. S.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1963 , 56 , 701 .
135.
Hopkins
B. E.
Tipler
H. R.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1954 , 177 , 110 .
136.
Rees
W. P.
Hopkins
B. E.
, ibid ., 1952 , 172 , 403 .
137.
Hopkins
B. E.
Tipler
H. R.
, ibid ., 1958 , 188 , 218 .
138.
Phillips
V. A.
Swain
A. J.
Eborall
R.
, J. inst. Metals , 1952 –53, 81 , 625.
139.
Ransley
C. E.
Talbot
D. E. J.
, ibid ., 1959 –60, 88 , 150.
140.
Patch
N. J.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1953 , 174 , 25 .
141.
Westbrook
J. H.
Fleischer
R. L.
Sandler
H. W.
Johnson
A. A.
, "Grain-Boundary Hardness of Metals and the Grain-Size Dependence of Yield Strength" , paper presented to the A.I.M.E. meeting (New York, Feb . 1964 ).
142.
Price
C. E.
, Acta Met ., 1963 , 11 , 160 .
143.
Girifalco
L. A.
P. Beeston
B. E.
, ibid ., 1963 , 11 , 161 .
144.
Gobin
P.
Montuelle
J.
, Compt. rend ., 1958 , 246 , 1853 .
145.
Kb
T. S.
, Phys. Bev ., 1947 , 71 , 533.
146.
Kb
T. S.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1949 , 20 , 1226 .
147.
Kb
T. S.
, ibid ., 1950 , 21 , 414.
148.
Leak
G. M.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1961 , 78 , 1520 .
149.
Entwistle
K. M.
, Net. Rev ., 1962 , 7 , (26 ), 175 .
150.
Rotherham
L.
and S. Pearson, . Trans Amer. Ind. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 881 .
151.
Pearson
S.
Rotherham
L.
, ibid ., 1956 , 208 , 894 .
152.
Weinig
S.
Macklin
E. S.
, ibid ., 1957 , 209 , 32 .
153.
Winter
J.
Weinig
S.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1959 , 215 , 74 .
154.
Miles
G. W.
Leak
G. M.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1961 , 78 , 1529 .
155.
Jun
P. T.
Kb
T. S.
, Fizika Metallov i Netatiovedenie , 1957 , 4, 407 ; Physics Metals Metallography , 1957 , 4 , (3) , 17 .
156.
Lozinsky
M. G.
, Ada Met ., 1961 , 9 , 689 .
157.
Savage
W. F.
, private communication .
158.
Woodfine
B. C.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1953 , 173 , 229 .
159.
Low
J. R.
, "Fracture of Engineering Materials" , p. 127 . 1964 : Cleveland , O. (Amer. Soc. Metals ).
160.
Haaijman
P. W.
Dam
R. W.
Mums, Netherlands Patent No
H. A.
. 84 ,015 , 1957 .
161.
Goodman
G.
, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc ., 1963 , 46 , 48 .
162.
Luborsky
F. E.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1962 , 38 , 2385 .
163.
Motilov
B. V.
, Fizika Metallov i Netallovedenie , 1962 , 13, 457 ; Physics Metals Metallography , 1962 , 13 , (3) , 132 .
164.
Westbrook
J. H.
Wood
D. L.
, J. Nuclear Mat ., 1964 , 12 , 208.
165.
Sartell
J. A.
Bendel
S. H.
Li
C. H.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1960 , 218 , 809.
166."Intergranular Corrosion and Corrosion of Metals under Stress" (edited by
Levin
A. I.
) (translated from Russian) . 1962 : New York (Consultants Bureau);
1963 : London (Leonard Hill).
167.
Perryman
E. C. W.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 911 .
168.
Elbaum
C.
, Trans Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1959 , 215 , 476 .
169.
Rostoker
W.
McCaughey
J. M.
Markus
H.
, "Embrittlement by Liquid Metals" . 1960 : New York (Reinhold Publishing Co.); London (Chapman and Hall).
170.
Aust
K. T.
Rutter
J. W.
, "Recovery and RecrystallizatIon of Metals" (edited by
Himmel
L.
), p. 131 . 1962 : New York and London (Interscience Publishers).
171.
Murakami
Y.
Tonomura
T.
, Nippon KillEald gakkai-Si , 1959 , 28 , 560 .
172.
Holmes
E. L.
Winegard
W. C.
, Ada Met ., 1959 , 7 , 411 .
173.
Holmes
E. L.
Winegard
W. C.
, J. Inst. Metabs , 1959 –60, 88 , 468.
174.
Bolling
G. F.
Winegard
W. C.
, Ada Met ., 1958 , 6 , 288 .
175.
Lyubchenko
A. P.
Sherman
D. G.
Udovikov
V. D.
, Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie , 1963 , 15, 295 ; Physics Metals Metallography , 1963 , 15 , (2) , 114 .
176.
Muller
H. G.
, Z. Physik , 1935 , 96 , 279 .
177.
Leslie
W. C.
Plecity
F. M.
Michalak
J. T.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1961 , 221 , 691 .
178.
Leslie
W. C.
Plecity
F. J.
Aul
F. W.
, ibid ., 1981 , 221 , 982.
179.
Lileke
K.
Mating
G.
Notting
P.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1956 , 47 , 64 .
180.
Vandermeer
R. A.
Gordon
P.
, "Recovery and Recrystallization of Metals" (edited by
Himmel
L.
), p. 211 . 1963 : New York and London (Interacience Publishers).
181.
Austarid
K. T.
Rutter
J. W.
, "Ultra High-Purity Metals" , p. 115 . 1952 : Cleveland , O. (Amer. Soc. Metals ).
182.
Aust
K. T.
, "The Art and Science of Growing Crystals" (edited by
Gilman
J. J.
), p . 452 . 1963 : New York and London (John Wiley).
183.
Talbot
J.
, "Nouvelles Propriétbs physiques at chimiques des Métaus de trbs haute Pureté" , p. 161 . 1960 : Paris (Centre National do la Recherche Scientifique).
184.
Arkharov
V. I.
and T. Yu. Gordshtein , Doklady Akad. Etna S.S.S.R ., 1949 , 66 , 113 .
185.
Arkharov
V. I.
. S. I. Ivanovskaya, and N. N. Skornyakor , ibid ., 1953 , 89 , 669 .
186.
Leyznonic
C.
Lacombe
P.
, item. Sci. Rev. Mit ., 1960 , 57 , 285 .
187.
Guiraldenq
P.
Lacombe
P.
, Ref. 8. p. 105 .
188.
Arkharov
V. I.
and T. Yu. Gordshtein, Trudy Inst. Fiz. Metal., Akad. Nook S.S.S.R ., Ural' Filial , 1955 , 11 , 81 .
189.
Arkharov
V. I.
Ivanovskaya
S. I.
Skoniyakov
N. N.
, ibid ., 1955 , 16 , 69 .
190.
Pen'tina
A. A.
, Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie , 1957 , 4, 536 ; Physics Metals Metallography , 1957 , 4 , (3) , 122 .
191.
Arkharov
V. I.
Klotsman
S. M.
Timofeev
A. N.
, ibid ., 1957 , 5, 397; 1957 , 5 , (2) , 152 .
192.
Arkharov
V. I.
Klotsman
S. M.
Timofeev
A. N.
, ibid., 1958 , 6, 255; 1958 , 6 , (2) , 66 .
193.
Arkharov
V. I.
Klotsman
S. M.
Timofeev
A. N.
, ibid ., 1959 , 8, 709; 1959 , 8 , (5) , 66 .
194.
Arkharov
V. I.
Eframova
K. A.
Ivanovskaya
S. I.
Slatorte
A. K.
Yunikov
B. A.
, Dokkzdy Akad. NaukS.S.S.B ., 1953 , 89,289; NSF translation No. 48 , 1958 .
195.
Arkharov
V. I.
Efremova
K. A.
Ivanovskaya
S. I.
Yunikov
B. A.
Sht,ol'ts
A. K.
, Trudy Inst. Fiz. Metal., Akad. Nook S.S.S.R. , Ural' Filial , 1958 , 16 , 56 .
196.
Arkharov
V. I.
Ivanovskaya
S. I.
Polikarpova
I. P.
Chuprakova
N. P.
, ibid ., 1958 , 19 , 23 .
197.
Arkharov
V. I.
Yunikov
B. A.
, Do/lady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.B ., 1954 , 94 , 1057 .
198.
Arkharov
V. I.
Yunikov, Trudy Inst. Fiz. Metal., Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R
B. A.
., Ural' Filial , 1955 , 16 , 62 .
199.
Thilmmler
F.
, Planseeber ., 1958 , 6 , 2 .
200.
Nemnonov
S. A.
, Trudy Inst. Fiz. Metal., Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ural' Filial , 1950 , 11 , 90 .
201.
Goux
C.
Montuelle
J.
, Compt. rend ., 1958 , 246 , 1691 .
202.
Arkharov
V. I.
Noskova
N. I.
, Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie , 1956 , 2 , 472 .
203.
Arkharov
V. I.
Berenova
I. P.
Magat
L. M.
, ibid ., 1957 , 5, 516 ; Physics Metals Metallography , 1957 , 5 , (3) , 123 .
204.
Arkharov
V. I.
Varskoy
B. N.
Skornyakov
N. N.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1953 , 89, 1003; NSF translation No. 45 .
205.
Aaronson
H. I.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1962 , 224 , 693 .
206.
Weise
G.
Erdmann-Jesnitzer
F.
Thiimmler
F.
, Bergakad ., 1958 , 10 , 316 .
207.
Gibbs
J. P.
, "The Scientific Papers of Willard Gibbs" . 1906 : London (Longmans , Green & Co .).
208.
Guggenheim
E. A.
, Trans. Faraday Soc ., 1940 , 36 , 397 .
209.
Webb
W. W.
, Acta Met ., 1959 , 5 , 89 .
210.
Friedel
J.
, Ref. 8, p. 95 .
211.
Make
K.
Detert
K.
, Acta Met ., 1957 , 5 , 628 .
212.
Macklin
E. S.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1962 , 224 , 1153 .
213.
Gordon
P.
Vanderracer
R. A.
, ibid ., 1962 , 224 , 917 .
214.
Cahn
J. W.
, Acta Met ., 1962 , 10 , 789 .
215.
Lticke
K.
Stinve
H. P.
, "Recovery and Reeryetallization of Metals" (edited by
Himmel
L.
), p. 171 . 1963 : New York and London (Inter. sciencePublishers).
216.
Seeger
A.
Schottky
G.
, Acta Met ., 1959 , 7 , 495 .
217.
Hirano
K. I.
Cohen
M.
Averbach
B. L.
, ibid ., 1964 , 12 , 329 .