Abstract
Interest in titanium-base alloys as structural materials has inspired many studies of their phase relationships. These have provided the background essential to the development of commercial alloys, but have also revealed some unexpected, and still to some extent unexplained, aspects that are of considerable scientific interest. The purpose of the present review is to indicate the present state of knowledge, and to point out some of the more interesting implications of the observations made.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Pfeiffer
I.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1957 , 48 , 171 .
2.
Wiskel
S. J.
Youdelis
W. V.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Met-Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1959 , 215 , 875 .
3.
Burgers
W. G.
, Physica , 1934 , 1 , 561 .
4.
Newkirk
J. B.
Geisler
A. H.
, Ada Met ., 1953 , 1 , 370 .
5.
MeHargue
C. J.
, Acta Cryst ., 1953 , 6 , 529 .
6.
Williams
A. J.
Cahn
R. W.
Barrett
C. S.
, Ada Met ., 1954 , 2 , 117 .
7.
Mackenzie
J. K.
Bowles
J. S.
, ibid ., 1957 , 5 , 137 .
8.
Bowles
J. S.
Mackenzie
J. K.
, ibid ., 1954 , 2 , 129 .
9.
Mackenzie
J. K.
Bowles
J. S.
, ibid ., 1954 , 2 , 138 .
10.
Sorel-Steinberg
M.
, Compt. rend ., 1957 , 244 , 765 .
11.
Akutagawa
T.
Bada
T.
, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si , 1957 , 21 , 614 .
12.
Akutagawa
T.
Bada
T.
, ibid ., 1958 , 22 , 240 .
13.
Antipova
E. I.
Guterman
M. B.
Lozinsky
M. G.
, lzvest. Akad. Naulc S.S.S.R ., 1957 , [Tekhn.
1 , (9) , 45 .
14.
Glen
J. W.
Pugh
S. F.
, Acta Met ., 1954 , 2 , 520 .
15.
Brock
E. G.
, Phys. Rev.' 100, 1619 .
16.
Polonis
D. H.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 892 .
17.
Weinig
S.
Machlin
E. S.
, ibid ., 1954 , 200 , 1280 .
18.
Gaunt
P.
Christian
J. W.
, Acta Met ., 1959 , 7 , 534 .
19.
Liu
Y. C.
Margolin
H.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 667 .
20.
Liu
Y. C.
, ibid ., 1956 , 206 , 1036 .
21.
Hatt
B. A.
Kent
P. J. C.
Williams
G. I.
, J. Sci. Instruments , 1960 ,37 , 273 .
22.
Bumps
E. S.
Kessler
H. D.
Hansen
M.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1953 , 45 , 1008 .
23.
Hatt
B. A.
Williams
G. I.
, Ada Met ., 1959 , 7 , 682 .
24.
Gridnev
V. N.
Trefilov
V. I.
Minakov
V. N.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1960 , 134 , 1334 .
25.
Wasilewski
R. J.
, J. Metals , 1957 , 9, 39 (abstract) .
26.
Bryant
R. T.
Evans
E. W.
, Phil. Mag ., 1961 , 6 , 805 .
27.
Spreadborough
J.
, ibid ., 1958 , 3 , 1167 .
28.
Altmann
S. L.
Coulson
C. A.
Hume-Rothery
W.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1957 , [A], 240 , 145.
29.
Hume-Rothery
W.
Irving
H. M.
Williams
R. J. P.
, ibid ., 1951 , [A], 208 , 431.
30.
McQuillan
M. K.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1953 –54, 82 , 433.
31.
Willens
R. H.
, J. Metals , 1961 , 13 , 683 .
32.
Pauling
L.
, Phys. Rev ., 1938 , 54 , 899 .
33.
Denney
J. M.
, California Inst. Technol., Phys. Met. Lab. Rep . No. 6 , 1955 .
34.
Betterton
J. O.
Frye
J. H.
, Acta Met ., 1958 , 6 , 205 .
35.
Beaudry
B. J.
Daane
A. H.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1962 , 224 , 770 .
36.
Savitsky
E. M.
Burkhanov
G. S.
, Zhur. Neorg. Khim ., 1961 , 6 , 1253 .
37.
Kirkpatrick
C. G.
Love
B.
Novy
V.
, J. Metals , 1959 , 11 , 588 .
38.
Lundin
C. E.
Klodt
D. T.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1962 , 224 , 367 .
39.
Bare
D. W.
Carlson
O. N.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1961 , 53 , 1 .
40.
Savitsky
E. M.
Burkhanov
G. S.
, Zhur. Neorg. Khim ., 1957 , 2 , 2609 .
41.
Dwight
A. E.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 162 .
42.
Samsonov
G. V.
Neshpor
V. S.
Lange
L. V.
, Metallovedenie i Obrabotka Metallov , 1956 , (1) , 35 .
43.
Sato
T.
Hukai
S.
Huang
Y.C.
Suzuki
S.
, Sumito Light Metal Tech. Rep ., 1960 , 1 , 1 .
44.
Ageev
N. V.
Petrova
L. A.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1961 , 138 , 359 .
45.
Parris
W. M.
Hirsch
L. L.
Frost
P. D.
, Trans. Amer. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 178 .
46.
Frost
P. D.
Parris
W. M.
Hirsch
L. L.
Doig
J. R.
Schwartz
C. M.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1954 , 46 , 231 .
47.
Frost
P. D.
Parris
W. M.
Hirsch
L. L.
Doig
J. R.
Schwartz
C. M.
, ibid ., 1954 , 46 , 1056 .
48.
Silcock
J. M.
Davies
M. H.
Hardy
H. K.
, Nature , 1955 , 175 , 731 .
49.
Silcock
J. M.
Davies
M. H.
Hardy
H. K.
, "The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Metals , p. 93 . 1956 : London (Inst. Metals).
50.
Frost
P. D.
Parris
W. M.
Hirsch
L. L.
Doig
J. R.
Schwartz
C. M.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1954 , 46, 1073 (discussion) .
51.
Brotzen
F. R.
Harmon
E. L.
Troiano
A. R.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1955 , 203 , 413 .
52.
Yoshida
H.
, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si , 1956 , 20 , 292 .
53.
Austin
A. E.
Doig
J. R.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1957 , 209 , 27 .
54.
Silcock
J. M.
, Acta Met ., 1958 , 6 , 481 .
55.
Spachner
S. A.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1958 , 212 , 57 .
56.
Bagaryatsky
Ye. A.
Nosova
G. I.
, Soviet Physics Crystallography , 1959 , 3 , 15 .
57.
Bagaryatsky
Yu. A.
Nosova
G. I.
Tagunova
T. V.
, Ada Cryst ., 1961 , 14 , 1087 .
58.
Bagaryatsky
Yu. A.
Tagunova
T. V.
Nosova
G. I.
, Sbornik Problemy Netallovedeniya i Fiziki Metallov (Moscow) , 1958 , (5) , 210 .
59.
Hatt
B. A.
Roberts
J. A.
, Acta Met ., 1960 , 8 , 575 .
60.
Spachner
S. A.
Rostoker
W.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1959 , 215 , 463 .
61.
DeLazaro
D. J.
Hansen
M.
Riley
R. E.
Rostoker
W.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1952 , 194 , 265 .
62.
Bungardt
K.
Riidinger
K.
, Z. Metallkumle , 1961 , 52 , 120 .
63.
Aaronson
H. I.
Triplett
W. B.
Andes
G. M.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Net. Eng ., 1957 , 209 , 1227 .
64.
Gross
K. A.
Lamborn
I. R.
, J. Less-Common Metals , 1960 , 2 , 36 .
65.
Spachner
S. A.
Rostoker
W.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1958 , 212 , 765 .
66.
Goldenstein
A. IV.
Metcalfe
A. G.
Rostoker
W.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1959 , 51 , 1036 .
67.
Aaronson
H. I.
Triplett
W. B.
Andes
G. M.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1958 , 212 , 624 .
68.
Polonis
D. H.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1954 , 200 , 1148 .
69.
Griest
A. J.
Doig
J. R.
Frost
P. D.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1959 , 215 , 627 .
70.
Macgregor
E. R.
Peters
B. F.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 1324 .
71.
Holden
F. C.
Young
A. P.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1958 , 212 , 287 .
72.
Raub
E.
Beeskow
H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1958 , 49 , 185 .
73.
Swann
P. W.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1958 , 212 , 276 .
74.
Polonis
D. H.
Parr
J. G.
, Acta Met ., 1955 , 3 , 307 .
75.
Polonis
D. H.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 531 .
76.
Balm
H.
and K. Löhberg , Z. Metallkunde , 1958 , 49 , 173 .
77.
Dupouy
J. M.
Averbach
B. L.
, Acta Met ., 1961 , 9 , 755 .
78.
Brotzen
F. R.
Harmon
E. L.
Troiano
A. R.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1956 , 48 , 774 .
79.
Johnson
W. A.
Mehl
R. F.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1939 , 135 , 416 .
80.
Zener
C.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1949 , 20 , 950 .
81.
Gomez
M. P.
Polonis
D. H.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1960 , 52 , 201 .
82.
Domagala
R. F.
Rostoker
IV.
, ibid ., 1956 , 48 , 762 .
83.
McQuillan
M. K.
Reynolds
T.
, Brit. Patent No . 854,809 .
84.
Howe
L. M.
Saarema
E.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 512 .
85.
McQuillan
M. K.
, Titanium Metallurgy Conference (New York University, 1956 ), Lecture No.
9 .
86.
Crossley
F. A.
Carew
W. F.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1957 , 209 , 43 .
87.
Miinster
A.
Sagel
K.
Zwicker
U.
, Acta Met ., 1956 , 4 , 558 .
88.
Jepson
K. S.
Clark
D.
Lewis
G. I.
, Royal Aircraft Estab. Tech. Note (Met.
241 ), 1956 .
89.
Ence
E.
Margolin
H.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1961 , 221, 151 ; J. Metals , 1959 , 11 , 72.
90.
Sato
T.
Huang
Y. C.
, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals , 1960 , 1 , 22 .
91.
Yao
Y. L.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1961 , 54 , 241.
92.
Clark
D.
Jepson
K. S.
Lewis
G. I.
, Royal Aircraft Meal). Tech. Note (Met. Phys.
336 ), 1961 .
93.
Saulnier
A.
Croutzeillcs
M.
, Compt. rend ., 1958 , 246 , 3622 .
94.
Pietrokowsky
P.
, Nature , 1961 , 190 , 77 .
95.
Goldak
A. J.
Parr
J. G.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1961 , 221 , 639 .
96.
McQuillan
M. K.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1955 –56, 84 , 307.
97.
Seagle
S. R.
Abkowitz
S.
, J. Metals , 1959 , 11 , 588 .
98.
DeLazaro
D. J.
Rostoker
W.
, Ada Met ., 1953 , 1 , 674 .
99.
Kehl
G. L.
Riccardo
A. E.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Publ ., (WAL 401/149-20 ), 1955 .
100.
Holden
F. C.
Ogden
H. R.
Jaffee
R I.
, J. Metals , 1961 , 13 , 69 .
101.
Kessler
H. D.
and M. Hansen, . Trans Amer. Soc. Metals , 1954 , 46 , 587 .
102.
Saulnier
A.
, Bev. met ., 1959 , 56 , 205 .
103.
Dupouy
J. M.
Bever
M. B.
Averbach
B. L.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1960 , 52 , 221 .
104.
Fopiano
J.
Bever
M. B.
Averbach
B. L.
, J. Metals , 1960 , 12 , 727 .
105.
Tanner
L. E.
, Trans. Met. Soc .221, 74 .
106.
McPherson
D. J.
, Fifth Titanium Metallurgy Course (New York University), 1960 , Lecture No.
5 .
107.
Harmon
E. L.
Troiano
A. R.
, J. Metals , 1957 , 9, Fall Meeting Rep., p. 57 .
108.
Tanner
L. E.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1960 , 53 , 407 .
109.
Tanner
L. E.
Coyne
J. E.
, J. Metals , 1961 , 13 , 683 .
110.
Rawe
R. A.
Dupouy
J. M.
Bever
M. B.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1960 , 218 , 821 .
111.
Petersen
V. C.
, Fifth Titanium Metallurgy Course (New York University, 1960 ), Lecture No.
2 .
112.
Holden
F. C.
Ogden
H. R.
Jaffee
R. I.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1954 , 200 , 169 .
113.
Holden
F. C.
Ogden
H. R.
Jaffee
R. I.
, ibid ., 1956 , 206 , 1388 .
114.
Harmon
E. L.
Kozol
J.
Troiano
A. R.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1958 , 50 , 418 .
115.
Quigg
R. J.
Harmon
E. L.
Troiano
A. R.
, J. Metals , 1957 , 9 , 40 .
116.
McQuillan
A. D.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1950 , [A], 204 , 309.
117.
Lenning
G. A.
Craighead
C. M.
Jaffee
R. I.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. .Min. Met. Eng ., 1954 , 200 , 367 .
118.
McQuillan
A. D.
, Titanium Metallurgy Course (New York University, 1956 ), Lecture No.
11 .
119.
Williams
D. N.
Schwartzberg
F. R.
Jaffee
R. I.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1960 , 52 , 182 .
120.
Seagle
S. R.
Abkowitz
S.
, J. Metals , 1959 , 11 , 588 .
121.
Margolin
H.
Farrar
P. A.
Kirk
W.
, Final Report on Contract N0as54-655c, May 1955 (New York University PB
119528 ).
122.
Farrar
P. A.
Margolin
H.
, "Reactive Metals" , (Met. Soc. A.I.M.E. Conference ), Vol. II , p. 297 . 1959 : New York and London (Interscience Publishers).
123.
Margolin
H.
Nielsen
J. P.
, "Modern Materials" Vol. II , p. 249 . 1960 : New York and London (Academic Press).
124.
Aaronson
H. I.
, J. Metals , 1959 , 11 , 576 .
125.
Aaronson
H. I.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1962 , 224 , 693 .
126.
McQuillan
A. D.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1951 –52, 80 , 363.
127.
McQuillan
A. D.
, ibid ., 1953 –54, 82 , 47.
128.
Duwez
P.
and J. L. Taylor , Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1952 , 44 , 495 .
129.
Van Thyne
R. J.
Kessler
H. D.
Hansen
M.
, ibid ., 1952 , 44 , 974 .
130.
Cuff
F. B.
Grant
N. J.
Floe
C. F.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1952 , 194 , 848 .
131.
Margolin
H.
Nielsen
J. P.
, "Modern Materials" , Vol. II , p. 243 . 1960 : New York and London (Academic Press).
132.
Ermanis
F.
Farrar
P. A.
Margolin
H.
, Trans. Met. Soc. A.I.M.E ., 1961 , 221 , 904 .
133.
Schofield
T. H.
Bacon
A. E.
, Bull. Inst. Metals , 1958 , 4 , 92 .
134.
Margolin
H.
Ence
E.
Nielsen
J. P.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 243 .
135.
McQuillan
A. D.
, Bull. Inst. Metals , 1958 , 4 , 104 .
136.
McQuillan
A. D.
McQuillan
M. K.
, "Titanium" , p. 197 . 1956 : London (Butterworths Scientific Publications).
137.
McQuillan
M. K.
"The Mechanism of Phase Transformation in Solids" , p. 290 (discussion).
1956 : London (Inst. Metals).
138.
Schofield
T. H.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1956 –57, 85 , 68.
139.
Backhurst
I.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1958 , 189, 124 (also cited in ref. (142 ) ).
140.
Skinner
G. B.
Johnston
H. L.
Beckett
S.
, "Titanium and its Compounds" , P.
95 . 1954 : Columbus , O. (H. L. Johnston ).
141.
Kelley
K. K.
, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull ., 1949 , (476) , 192 .
142.
Scott
R. L.
, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Publ ., (ORNL-2328),
1957 .
143.
Kaufman
L.
, Acta Met ., 1959 , 7 , 575 .
144.
Staskiewicz
B.
Thesis
Carnegie
Inst. Technol. , 1953 .
145.
Mortlock
A. J.
Tomlin
D. H.
, Phil. Mag ., 1959 , 4 , 628 .
146.
Mortlock
A. J.
, "Colloque sur la Diffusion h L'Etat Solide" (Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires , 1958 ), p. 13 . 1959 : Amsterdam (N. Holland Publishing Co.).
147.
Peart
R. F.
Tomlin
D. H.
, J. Physics Chem. Solids , 1962 , 23 , 1169 .
148.
Peart
R. F.
Tomlin
D. H.
, Acta Met ., 1962 , 10 , 123 .
149.
Busch
L. S.
et al. "The Manufacture of Titanium Alloy" (Rep.
No. 7 (Final)), pp. 87, May
1953 . P. R. Mallory and Co., Inc., Contract N0a(s)-52-
614–C .
150.
McPherson
D. J.
Kessler
H. D.
, "Studies of Phase Relationships and Trans-formation Processes of Titanium Alloy Systems" , (Rep.
No. 21 ), pp. 26, July
1953 . Armour Research Foundation, Contract AF33(038)-8708
AD–32192 .
151.
Luini
L.
Lee
E.
, "Progress Report on the Heat-Treatment and Evaluation of Commercially Produced Titanium-Base Alloys" , (WAD-1774), pp. 55, Oct.
1953 . Curtiss-Wright Corpn., Wright Aeronautical Division, Wood-Ridge, N. J., Contract AF33(038)-233-2 AD-38656); Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1954 , 200 , 581.
152.
Graft
W. H.
Rostoker
W.
, "Development of Transformation Data for Special Titanium Alloys: Progress Report" , pp.
32 , 1954 . Armour Research Foundation.
153.
Levinson
D. W.
Rostoker
W.
, "Structural Changes of Commercial Titanium and Titanium-Base Alloys on Heat-Treatment" , (WADC-TR-54-244), pp.
121 . 1954 . Armour Research Foundation.
154.
Goldenstein
A. W.
Rostoker
W.
, "Development of Transformation Data for Special Titanium Alloys" (Interim Tech. Rep.
No. 5 ), pp. 29, May
1955 . Illinois Inst. Technology, Armour Research Foundation, Project No. B-057, Contract DA-11-022-OR
D–1292 .
155.
Margolin
H.
Farrar
P.
Kirk
W.
, "Microstructure vs. Properties in Ti-V-Fe Alloys and an Investigation of Some Factors Affecting Rates of Decomposition of-Titanium" , pp.
92 , 1955 . New York University, (PB
119528 ).
156.
Carew
W. F.
Crossley
F. A.
Kessler, "Evaluation of the Structural Stability of Ti-Mo-V Alloys",
H. D.
. Trans Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 491 .
157.
Zwicker
U.
, "The Titanium-Aluminium-Chromium and Titanium-Aluminium-Vanadium Systems and Commercial Titanium Alloys with 5Cr and 3A1 and with 6A1 and 4V" , Z. Metallkunde , 1956 , 47 , 535 .
158.
Böhm
H.
and H. Westphal, "Transformation from /3 to co and a in Titanium Alloys" , ibid ., 1956 , 47 , 558 .
159.
Lam
D. J.
Gendron
M. F.
Nash
R. R.
Burr
A. A.
, "Ageing Effects in Titanium Alloys" , (WAL-410-1; Final Rep.), pp.
106 , May 1958 . Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.
160.
Jaffee
R. I.
, "The Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys" , Progress in Metal Physics , 1958 , 7 , 65 .
161.
Aaronson
H. I.
et al., "Effects of Aluminium on the Formation of a in Ti-Mo and Ti-Mn Alloys" (AD 201795; Final Rep.), pp. 22 . Carnegie Inst. Technology Metals Research Lab., PB
142557 , May
1958 .
162.
Ageev
N. V.
Petrova, "Stability of the /9 Phase in Alloys of Titanium with Iron and Nickel"
L. A.
, Zhur. Neorg. Khina ., 1959 , 4 , 1092 .
163.
Ageev
N.
Petrova, "Decomposition of /3 Solid Solutions in Mo—Ti Alloys"
L. A.
, ibid ., 1959 , 4 , 1924 .
164.
Tanner
L. E.
, "Department of Defense Titanium Sheet-Rolling Programme: Time/Temperature/Transformation Diagrams of the Titanium Sheet-Rolling Programme Alloys" , pp. 79, Oct.
1959 . Illinois Inst. Technology, Armour Research Foundation, DMIC-46G; PB
151075 .
165.
Douglass
R. W.
Holden
F. C.
Ogden
H. R.
Jaffee, "Effect of Micro-structure on the Mechanical Properties of Ti—V, Ti—Al—V, and TiO—V Alloys"
R. I.
, J. Metals , 1960 , 12 , 81 .
166.
Ageev
N. V.
Petrova
L. A.
, "Stability of the /3 Phase in Titanium—Vanadium Alloys" , Zhur. Neorg. Khim ., 1960 , 5 , 615 .
167.
Bungardt
K.
Riidinger
K.
Weigand, "Influence of Vanadium, Molyb-denum, and Chromium on the Characteristics at Elevated Temperatures of (a + /3) Titanium Alloy Containing Aluminium"
H. H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1960 , 51 , 466 .
168.
Knorr
W.
and H. Scholl, "Examination of the Transformation Behaviour of Titanium—Molybdenum and Titanium—Vanadium Alloys" , ibid ., 1960 , 51 , 605 .
169.
Lerinman
R. M.
et al., "Electron-Microscope Investigation of the Structural Transformations in Titanium—Manganese and Titanium—Chromium Alloys" , Fin/ca Metallov i Metallovedenie , 1960 , 9 , 437 .
170.
Weigand
H.
Illgner
K. H.
, "Effects of Heat-Treatment on the Structural Stability and Age-Hardening of 5Cr-3A1 Alloys" , Metall , 1961 , 15 , 23 .
171.
Krisement
O.
, "Precipitation in /3-Titanium—Vanadium Alloys" , Z. Metallkunde , 1961 , 52 , 695 .
172.
Scholl
H.
Knorr
W.
, "Experiniental Studies of the Kinetics of Transformations in Titanium—Vanadium Alloys" , Physikal. Verhandl ., 1961 , 12 , (1/3), 31.