Abstract
For nearly ten years it has been possible to produce adequate quantities of artificial radioisotopes in atomic piles, and these products have already been used in many different branches of scientific and technological research on account of their special properties. Their employment in the metallurgical field is perhaps a little less extensive than, for example, in biology; it is nevertheless possible to cite a considerable number of researches, corresponding to widely different conditions of application.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1."Radioactive Materials and Stable Isotopes" , Catalogue
No. 4 .1957 : Harwell , Berks. (Isotope Division, Atomic Energy Research Establishment ).
2.
Stanley
J. K.
, Metal Progress , 1947 , 52 , 227.
3.
Albert
P.
, Rev . Mgt ., 1953 , 50 , 829 .
4.
Kirshenbaum
A. D.
and H. C . Boynton, Iron Age , 1953 , 171 , (20 ), 138 .
5.
Görlich
H. K.
Goossens
H.
Schenck
H.
, Arch. Eisenhuttenwesen , 1955 , 26 , 389.
6.
Hishkin
S. T.
Bokshtein
S. Z.
, "Proceedings of the International Con-ference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 15 , Paper P/703.
1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
7.
Kohn
A.
, Compt. rend ., 1950 , 230 , 2201 .
8.
Taylor
D.
, "The Measurement of Radioisotopes" . 1950 : London (Methuen and Co ., Ltd .).
9.
Kohn
A.
, Rev. .Mgt ., 1951 , 48, 219 ; Metal Treatment , 1951 , 18 , 239 , 289 .
10.
Towe
G. C.
Gomberg
H. J.
Freeman
J. W.
, [U.S.] Nat. Advis. Cttee. Aeronautics, Tech. Note , 1954 , (3209 ).
11.
Towe
G. C.
Gomberg
H. J.
Freeman
J. W.
, Nucleonics , 1955 , 13 , (1 ), 54 .
12.
Bokros
J. C.
Rosenthal
P. C.
, J. Metals , 1956 , 8 , 286.
13.
Michael
A. B.
Leavitt
W. Z.
Bever
M. B.
Spedden
H. R.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1951 , 22 , 1403 .
14.
Plumb
R. C.
, Rev. Sci. Instruments , 1955 , 26 , 489.
15.
Hillert
M.
, Metal Treatment , 1952 , 19 , 135 .
16.
Faraggi
H.
Kohn
A.
Doumerc
J.
, Compt . rend ., 1952 , 235 , 714 .
17.
Kohn
A.
, Rev. Mgt ., 1954 , 51 , 503 .
18.
Tammann
G.
Bandel
G.
, Arch. Eisenhattenwesen , 1932 –33, 6 , 293.
19.
Tammann
G.
Bendel
G.
, Z. .Metallkunde , 1933 , 25 , 153 , 207 .
20.
Erwall
L. G.
Hillert
M.
, Research , 1951 , 4 , 242.
21.
Standifer
L. R.
and M. G . Fontana, Metal Progress , 1951 , 60 , (1 ), 65 .
22.
Jones
W. E.
(General Electric Co.),
Patent No . 74 ,582 (1948 ).
23.
Kohn
A.
, Rev. Mgt , 1953 , 50, 139 ; Metal Treatment , 1953 , 20 , 405.
24.
Kohn
A.
Doumerc
J.
, Rev. Mgt ., 1955 , 52, 249 ; Metal Treatment , 1955 , 22 , 387.
25.
Krainer
H.
,, Berg- u. Hiittenmeinn. Monatsh. montan. Hochschule Leoben , 1956 , 101 , 246 .
26.
de Beaulieu
C.
and A. Kohn, Compt . rend ., 1957 , 245 , 1244 .
27.
Bolotov
I. E.
Gordshtein
M. I.
, Zavod. Lab ., 1955 , 21 , 828.
28.
Kryanin
I. R.
Smolensky
S. N.
Studnits
M. A.
Babushkina
G. I.
, Metalloved. i Obrabotka Metallov , 1956 , (3) , 20 .
29.
Dumont
C. S.
Gates
J. E.
Henderson
C. M.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1956 , 48 , 306.
30.
Bruk
B. I.
, Svarochnoe Proizvodstvo , 1955 , (11 ), 8. 15*
31.
Owa
I.
Kato
K.
, J. Japan. Weld. Soc ., 1953 , 22 , 275.
32.
Keh
A. S.
Van Vlack
L. H.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 950.
33.
Nosyreva
S. S.
Polyakova
A. M.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R ., 1955 , 103 , 431.
34.
Kohn
A.
, Rev. Mét . 1958 , 55 , 285 .
35.
Killaby
P. J.
Taylor
B. J.
Winegard, Amer
W. C.
. Foundryman , 1952 , 22 , (5 ), 59 .
36.
Winegard
W. C.
, ibid ., 1953 , 23 , (4 ), 140 .
37.
Stephens
W. E.
Lewis
M. N.
, Phys. Rev ., 1946 , [ii],
69 , 43.
38.
Michael
A. B.
Bever
M. B.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1953 , 197 , 679.
39.
Montariol
F.
Albert
P.
Chaudron
G.
, Compt. rend., 1952, 235, 477; Rev . _Mgt ., 1953 , 50 , 768 .
40.
Montariol
F.
, Compt. rend ., 1955 , 240 , 1087 .
41.
Kato
M.
Kobayashi
M.
, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si , 1955 , 19 , 616.
42.
Robert
M.
Robillard
A.
Lacombe
P.
, Compt. rend ., 1955 , 240 , 1089 .
43.
Robert
M.
Robillard
A.
Lacombe
P.
, Analyt. Chem ., 1949 , 21 , 319 .
44.
Sue
P.
, Bull. Soc. Chim. France ., 1951 , 18 , D3 .
45.
Hudgens
J. E.
, Analyt. Chem ., 1952 , 24 , 1704 .
46.
Albert
P.
Caron
M.
Chaudron
G.
, Compt. rend ., 1951 , 233 , 1108 .
47.
Albert
P.
Caron
M.
Chaudron
G.
, ibid ., 1953 , 236 , 1030 .
48.
Talbot
J.
Albert
P.
Caron
M.
Chaudron
G.
, Rev . .Ma ., 1953 , 50 , 817 .
49.
Atchison
G. J.
Beamer
W. H.
, Analyt. Chem ., 1952 , 24 , 1812 .
50.
Cornand
P.
Gillis
J.
, Compt. rend . 27e
Congr. Internat. Chim. Ind. Brussels , 1954 , 2; Ind. Chim. Beige, 1955, 20, (Special No.), p. 269 .
51.
Fisher
C.
Beydon
I.
, Bull. Soc. Chim. France , 1953 , 20 , C102 .
52.
Plumb
R. C.
Silverman
R. H.
, Nucleonics , 1954 , 12 , (12 ), 29 .
53.
Vintaikin
E. Z.
Gruzin
P. L.
, Ya. A. Klyachko, and A. P. Chotov, Zavod. Lab ., 1954 , 20 , 142.
54.
Hoste
J.
Berghe
H. van den
, Mikrochim. Acta , 797.
55.
Theurer
K.
Sweet
T. R.
, Analyt. Chem ., 1953 , 25 , 119.
56.
Ste
P.
Albert
P.
, Compt. rend ., 1956 , 242 , 2161 .
57.
Turner
S. E.
, Analyt. Ch.em ., 1956 , 28 , 1457 .
58.
von Ardenne
M.
Bernhard
F.
, Z. Physik , 1944 , 122 , 740.
59.
Curie
I.
, J. Phys. Radium , 1952 , 13, 497 ; Bull. Soc. Chim. France , 1953 , 20 , C94.
60.
Kohn
A.
Doumerc
J.
, J. Phys. Radium , 1955 , 16 , 649.
61.
Albert
P.
Chaudron
G.
Siie
P.
, Bull. Soc. Chim . France , 1953 , 20 , C97.
62.
Eichholz
G. G.
, Nucleonics , 1952 , 10 , (12 ), 58 .
63.
Kohn
A.
, Compt. rend ., 1953 , 236, 1419 ; Chim. et Ira ., 1954 , 71 , 69.
64.
Leymonie
C.
Lacombe
P.
, Métaux, Corrosion, Intl ., 1955 , 30 , 231.
65.
Simnad
M. T.
, Internat. J. Appl. Radiation and Isotopes , 1956 , 1 , (3 ), 145 .
66.
Birchenall
C. E.
, Indust. and Eng. Chem ., 1955 , 47, 604. M. T. Simnad, ibid ., 1956 , 48, 586; 1957 , 49, 617 .
67.
Schadel
H. M.
Birchenall
C. E.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1950 , 188 , 1131 .
68.
Schadel
H. M.
Derge
G.
Birchenall
C. E.
, ibid ., p . 1282 .
69.
Hall
L. D.
, J. Amer. Chem. Soc ., 1951 , 73 , 757 .
70.
Kornev
Yu. V.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1953 , 93 , 467 .
71.
Kornev
Yu. V.
Golubkin
V. N.
, ibid ., 1954 , 99 , 565 .
72.
Gudtsov
N. T.
Ivanov
L. I.
Matveeva
M. P.
, Vestn. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1956 , 26 , (3 ), 79 .
73.
Devienne
F. M.
, J. Phys. Radium , 1952 , 13 , 53.
74.
Simnad
M. T.
Yang
L.
Pound
G. M.
, Acta Met ., 1954 , 2, 470. '75. L. E. Preuss , J. Appl. Physics , 1953 , 24 , 1401.
75.
Winkler
T. B.
Chipman
J.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1946 , 167 , 111.
76.
Philbrook
W. O.
Goldman
K. M.
Helzel
M. M.
, ibid ., 1950 , 188 , 361.
77.
Towers
H.
Paris
M.
Chipman
J.
, ibid ., 1953 , 197, 1455. '79. G. Berge and C. E. Birchenall, ibid ., p.
1648 .
78.
Simnad
M. T.
Yang
L.
Derge
G.
, ibid ., 1956 , 206 , 690.
79.
Ogburn
F.
Brenner
A.
, J. Elect rochem. Soc ., 1949 , 96 , 347.
80.
Rothman
S. J.
Hall
L. D.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 199.
81.
Niwa
K.
Shimoji
M.
Kado
S.
Watanabe
Y.
, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si , 1954 , 18 , 271 .
82.
Yang
L.
Simnad
M. T.
Derge
G.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1956 , 206 , 1577 .
83.
Morgan
D. W.
Kitchener
J. A.
, Trans. Faraday Soc ., 1954 , 50 , 51.
84.
Saito
T.
Maruya
K.
, Bull. Tohoku Univ ., 1956 , 12 , 27.
85.
Burwell
J. T.
and S. F . Murray, Nucleonics , 1950 , 6 , (1 ), 34 .
86.
Sakmann
B. W.
Burwell
J. T.
Irvine
J. W.
, J. Appl. Physics , 1944 , 15 , 459.
87.
Gregory
J. N.
, Nature , 1946 , 157 , 443.
88.
Rabinowicz
E.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1953 , [B], 66 , 929.
89.
Rabinowicz
E.
Tabor
D.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1951 , [A], 208 , 455.
90.
Burwell
J. T.
Strang
C. O.
, Metal Progress , 1951 , 60, (3), 69 ; J. Appl. Physics , 1952 , 23 , 18.
91.
Kerridge
M.
, Proc. Phys. Soc ., 1955 , [B], 68 , 400.
92.
Button
J. C. E.
Davies
A. J.
Tourret
R.
, Nucleonics , 1951 , 9 , (5 ), 34 .
93.
Dahl
W.
Lueg
W.
, Stahl u. Eisen , 1956 , 76 , 257.
94.
Jaoul
B.
, Compt. rend ., 1954 , 238, 648 ; Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng ., 1955 , 78 , 1135.
95.
Smith
D. B.
Southan
H.
Whiteley
H. A.
, Metal Treatment , 1957 , 24 , 131.
96.
Bowden
F. P.
Williamson
J. B. P.
, Engineering , 1956 , 182 , 619.
97.
Merchant
M. E.
Ernst
H.
Krabacher
E. J.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng ., 1953 , 75 , 549.
98.
Colding
B.
Erwall
L. G.
, Nucleonics , 1953 , 11, (2), 46; "Proceedings of Radioisotope Conference, Oxford , 1954 ," Vol. 2 , p. 181 . 1954 : London (Butterworths Scientific Publications).
99.
Opitz
H.
Hake
O.
, Microtecnic (English Edn ,), 1956 , 10 , (1 ), 5 .
100.
Nadeinskaya
E. P.
, Izvest. Akad. Nauk 5.5.5.1?., 1954 , [Tekhn.], (1),
24 .
101.
Creuzot
H.
Leveque
P.
, Rev. Gen. Mécan ., 1957 , 41 , (96 ), 1 .
102.
Pinotti
P. L.
Hull
D. E.
McLaughlin
E. J.
, Petroleum Eng ., 1949 , 21, (6), C5 ; S.A.E. Quart. Trans ., 1949 , 3 , 634.
103.
Gruzin
B. D.
, "Proceedings of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 15 , Paper No. P/713
1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
104.
Gruzin
B. D.
, Metal Treatment , 1953 , 20 , 425.
105.
Borsoff
V. N.
Cook
D. L.
Otvos
J. W.
, Nucleonics , 1952 , 10 , (10 ), 67 .
106.
Rozian
I. W.
Smith
A. M.
, private communication. Cf. S. E. Eaton, "Proceedings of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 14 , Paper No. P/146.
1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
107.
von Bogdandy
L.
Shmolke
R.
, Stahl u. Eisen , 1957 , 77 , 685.
108.
Kohn
A.
, Paper No. 194W presented at the International Conference on Radio-isotopes in Scientific Research (Paris,
1957 ).
109.
Loorz
W.
Weber
H.
, Stahl u. Eisen , 1955 , 75, 1241 ; Blast Earn, and Steel Plant , 1956 , 44 , 64.
110.
Eickworth
E.
Kopineck
H. J.
Opfer
G.
, Stahl u. Eisen , 1956 , 76 , 1028 .
111.
Eaton
S. E.
Hyde
R. W.
Old
B. S.
, Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Tech. Publ . No. 2453 , (1948 ).
112.
Voice
E. W.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1951 , 167 , 157.
113.
Johnson
T. W.
, private communication .
114.
Mintrop
R.
Roemer
E.
, Techn. Mitt ., 1955 , (4) , 218 .
115.
Gruzin
P. L.
Zemsky
S. N.
, Zavod. Lab ., 1956 , 22 , 169.
116.
Samarin
A. M.
, "Proceedings of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 15 , Paper No. P/707
1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
117.
Koch
W.
Fink
K.
, Arch. Eisenhuttenwesen , 1951 , 22 , 371.
118.
Koch
W.
and K. Fink Trudy Ukrain. nauchno-issled. Inst. Metallov , 1954 .
119.
Osipov
A. I.
Shvartsman
L. A.
Iudin
V. E.
Sazonov
M. L.
, "Proceedings of a Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R.), Technical Science Volume, p. 17 (English language edition).
1955 : New
York (Consultants Bureau , Inc .).
120.
Osipov
A. I.
Shvartsman
L. A.
Bul'sky
M. T.
Alimov
A. G.
, Stal , 1955 , 15 , 709.
121.
Leporsky
V. V.
et al., ibid ., 1956 , 16 , 19.
122.
Trubetskov
K. M.
Stupar
S. N.
, Sbornik Trudov Tsent. Nauchno-isaled. Inst. Chem. Met ., 1956 , (13) , 127 .
123.
Kszanukhov
M. M.
Morozov
A. N.
Chuchmarev
G. K.
, Stal , 1953 , 18 , 775.
124.
Efimov
L. M.
Bul'sky
M. T.
Yakushin
V. I.
Alimov
A. G.
Skrebtsov
A. M.
, ibid ., 1955 , 15 , 1090 .
125.
Kravchenko
V. F.
Abrosimov
E. V.
Trubin
K. G.
, "Primenenie Radio-aktivnykh Izotopov b Metallurgii" , pp. 245 –266 . 1955 : Moscow (Metal-lurgizdat).
126.
Grigoryan
V. A.
Samarin
A. M.
, Izvest. Akod. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1954 , [Tekhn.], (3),
91 .
127.
Kalinnikov
E. S.
Samarin
A. M.
, "Proceedings of a Conference on Peace-ful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.), Technical Science Volume, p. 1 (English language edition).
1955 : New York (Consultants Bureau, Inc.). S. Kronmarck, Neue Hiitte , 1956 , 1 , 505.
128.
Margulis
O. M.
Karaulov
A. G.
, Ogneupory , 1956 , 21 , 253.
129.
Levintovich
E. V.
Lyulichev
A. N.
Margulis
O. M.
Shakhtin
D. M.
, ibid ., p. 73 .
130.
Putman
J. L.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1953 –54, 82 , 414.
131.
Voice
E. W.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1949 , 163 , 312.
132.
Johnson
T. W.
, ibid ., 1956 , 184 , 18.
133.
Voice
E. W.
Bell
E. B.
Gledhill
P. K.
, ibid ., 1954 , 177 , 423.
134.
Bell
E. B.
Thomas
D.
, ibid ., 1954 , 178 , 122.
135.
Krivonosov
V. A.
Kolesanov
F. F.
Lutikov
P. A.
, "Primenenie Radio-aktivnykh Izotopov b Metallurgii," pp. 347 –358 . 1955 : Moscow (Metal-lurgizdat.).
136.
Morrison
A.
, Nucleonics , 1949 , 5 , (6 ), 19 .
137.
Blair
J. S.
, Iron Coal Trades Rev ., 1951 , 163 , 1349 , 1405 .
138.
Eastwood
W. S.
, "Proceedings of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 15 , Paper No. P/464.
1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
139.
McLeod
J. M.
, Iron and Steel , 1955 , 28 , 397.
140.
Blondel
A.
, Fonderie , 1956 , (125), 213 ; Corrosion et Anticorrosion , 1956 , 4 , 172.
141.
Halmshaw
R.
, Brit. J. Appl. Physics , 1954 , 5 , 238 .
142.
Blondel
A.
Broquet
P.
, Rev. Mét ., 1956 , 53 , 233.
143.
Halmshaw
R.
, Brit. J. Appl. Physics , 1955 , 6 , 8 .
144.
Blondel
A.
Broquet
P.
, Rev. Mgt ., 1955 , 52, 457 ; Fonderie , 1955 , (110) , 4427 .
145.
Fakidov
I. G.
Samokhvalov
A. A.
, "Proceedings of a Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R.), Tech-nical Science Volume), p. 97 (English language edition).
1955 : New York (Consultants Bureau , Inc .).
146.
Alderton
G. W.
Hessenberg
W. C. F.
, Met. Rev ., 1956 , 1 , 239.
147.
Putman
J. L.
, "Proceedings of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 15 , Paper No. P/463.
1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
148.
Manley
H.
, Sheet Metal Ind ., 1952 , 29 , 389 .
149.
Bogachev
A. M.
Verkhovsky
B. I.
Makarov
A. N.
, Zavod. Lab ., 1955 , 21 , 813.
150.
Syke
G.
, J. Brit. Inst. Radio Eng ., 1954 , 14, 419 ; Brit. Steelmaker , 1954 , 20 , 364.
151.
Syke
G.
, Nuclear Eng ., 1957 , 2 , (11 ), 72 .
152.
Leveque
P.
Martinelli
P.
Chauvin
R.
, "Proceedings of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" (Geneva ), Vol. 15 , Paper No. P/383 . 1955 : New York (United Nations); London (H.M. Stationery Office).
153.
Putman
J. L.
Jefferson
S.
Cameron
J. F.
Kerry
J. P.
Pulsford
E. W.
, J. Sci. Instruments , 1955 , 32 , 394.
154.
McCutcheon
D. M.
, Amer. Foundryman , 1949 , 15 , (6 ), 35 .
155.
Kohn
A.
, Iron Coal Trades Rev ., 174, 1015 , 1083 , 1147 .
156.
Gatos
H. C.
Azzam
A.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1952 , 194 , 407.
157.
Leymonie
C.
Lacombe
P.
, Compt. rend ., 1956 , 242 , 1175 .
158.
Yukawa
S.
Sinnott
M. J.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1955 , 203 , 996.
159.
Kishkin
S. T.
Bokshtein
S. Z.
Moroz
L. M.
Gudkova
T. I.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1955 , 101 , 667.