Abstract
There is little doubt that metal failures due to corrosion and stress acting together have occurred from early times, but it is only recently that it has been clearly recognized that such simultaneous action can be much more damaging than the effects of either corrosion or stress alone.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Gough
H. J.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1932 , 49 , 17 .
2.
Haigh
B. P.
, ibid ., 1917 , 18 , 55 .
3.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1926 , 26 , (II) , 224 .
4.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Steel Treat ., 1927 , 11 , 355 .
5.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Internat. Congr. Test. Mat. (Amsterdam) , 1927 , (I) , 306 .
6.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1927 , 27 , (II) , 102 .
7.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, ibid ., 1928 , 28 , (II) , 117 .
8.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Inst. Metals Div ., 1928 , 571 .
9.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng ., 1929 , 51 , (I), A.P.M. 51-5 , 45 .
10.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1929 , 29 , (II) , 250 .
11.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Inst. Metals Div ., 1929 , 56 .
12.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Third Internat. Cemgr. Appl. Mechanics (Stockholm) , 1930 , (II) , 269 .
13.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1930 , 30 , (II) , 411 .
14.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng. Publ ., 1930 , (329 ).
15.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1931 , 31 , (II) , 259 .
16.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Proc. Congr. Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat. (Zurich) , 1981 , (I) , 228 .
17.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1932 , 99 , 282 .
18.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
Clyne
R. W.
, J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand ., 1934 , 13 , 527 .
19.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
Geil
G. W.
, ibid ., 1940 , 24 , 685 .
20.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
Gail
G. W.
, Amer. Soc. Test. Mat. Preprint No. 25, 1941 .
21.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
Geil
G. W.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1941 , 41 , 696 .
22.
McAdam
D. J.
Jr.
Geil
G. W.
, J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand ., 1941 , 26 , 135 .
23.
Southwell
R. V.
Gough
H. J.
, Phil. Mag ., 1926 , [vii] , 1 , 71 .
24.
Gough
H. J.
, J. Roy. Soc. Arts , 1928 , 76 , 1026 .
25.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1932 , 49 , 93 .
26.
Gough
H. J.
, Proc. Staff. Iron, Steel Inst ., 1934 -35, 50 , 74 .
27.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1932 , [A] , 135 , 392 .
28.
Gough
H. J.
Forrest
G.
,
Aeronaut. Research Cttee., R. & M
. No. 1476 , 1932 .
29.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1933, 127, 301; Engineering
, 1933 , 136 , 75 .
30.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1933 , 52 , 57 .
31.
Gough
H. J.
Cox
H. L.
Sopwith
D. G.
, ibid ., 1934 , 51 , 193 .
32.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, ibid ., 1935 , 56 , 65 .
33.
Gough
H. J.
Forrest
G.
, ibid ., 1936 , 58 , 97 .
34.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1937 , 135 , 315r .
35.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, ibid ., 1937, 185, 293r; Engineering
, 1937 , 143 , 673 .
36.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1937 , 60 , 143 .
37.
Gough
H. J.
Sopwith
D. G.
, ibid ., 1946 , 72 , 415 .
38.
Gould
A. J.
Evans
U. R.
, Iron Steel Inst. Special Rep ., 1939 , (24 ), 325 .
39.
Stuart
N.
Evans
U. R.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1943 , 147 , 131r .
40.
Huddle
R. A. U.
Evans
U. R.
, ibid ., 1944 , 149 , 109r .
41.
Evans
U. R.
, J. B'ham Met. Soc ., 1944 , 24 , 228 .
42.
Evans
U. R.
, “Symposium on the Failure of Metals by Fatigue,” pp. 84 -90 . 1947 : Melbourne (University Press ); London (Cambridge University Press) .
43.
Evans
U. R.
Simnad
M. T.
, Proc. Roy. Soc ., 1947 , [A] , 188 , 372 .
44.
Evans
U. R.
Simnad
M. T.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1947 , 158 , 531 .
45.
Gould
A. J.
Evans
U. R.
, ibid ., 1948 , 160 , 164 .
46.
Whitwham
D.
Evans
U. R.
, ibid ., 1950 , 165 , 72 .
47.
Simnad
M. T.
Evans
U. R.
, Trans. Faraday Soc ., 1950 , 46 , 175 .
48.
Evans
U. R.
, Corrosion , 1951 , 7 , 238 .
49.
Evans
U. R.
, “Metallic Corrosion, Passivity and Protection,” 2nd Edition , pp. 438 -452 , 471-481 . 1946 : London (Edward Arnold and Co.) .
50.
Evans
U. R.
“An Introduction to Metallic Corrosion,” pp. 115 -124 . 1948 : London (Edward Arnold and Co.) .
51.
Cazaud
R.
, “Fatigue of Metals,” pp. 202 -221 . 1958 : London (Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) .
52.
Wescott
B. B.
, “Corrosion Handbook” (Edited by H. H. Uhlig) , pp. 578 -590 . 1948 : New York (John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) ; London (Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) .
53.
Wescott
B. B.
, ibid ., pp. 987 –993 .
54.
McKay
R. J.
Worthington
R.
, “Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys.” 1936 : New York (Reinhold Publishing Corp .).
55.
Battelle Memorial Institute
, Prevention of the Failure of Metals under Repeated Stress.” 1941 : New York (John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) .
56.
Turner
T. H.
, J. Inst. Loco. Eng ., 1945 , 85 , 153 .
57.
Dunkley
G. T.
, . Mech. World , 1947 , 122 , 137 .
58.
Simnad
M. T.
, J. Electrochem. Soc ., 1950 , 97 , 31o .
59.
Franke
E.
, Werkstoffe u. Horrosion , 1950 , 1 , 404 .
60.
Gould
A. J.
, Iron and Steel , 1951 , 24 , 7 .
61.
Copson
H. R.
, Weld. J ., 1953 , 82 , 76s .
62.
Dloore
H. F.
, “Metals Handbook,” 1939 Edition , pp. 147 -153 . 1939 : Cleveland, O. (American Society for Metals) .
63.
Sutton
H.
Liddiard
E. A. G.
Chalmers
B.
Champion
F. A.
, Monthly J. Inst. Metals , 1945 , (Aug .), xxii .
64.
Speller
F. N.
McCorkle
I. B.
Mumma
P. F.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1928 , 28 , (II) , 159 .
65.
Speller
F. N.
McCorkle
I. B.
Mumma
P. F.
, ibid ., 1929 , 29 , (II) , 238 .
66.
Inglis
N.
Lake
G. F.
, Trans. Faraday Soc ., 27, 803 ; 1932 , 28 , 715.
67.
Binnie
A. M.
, Aeronaut. Research Cttee. R. & M. No. 1244 , 1929; Engineering
, 1929 , 128 , 190 .
68.
Gould
A. J.
, Engineering , 1933 , 136 , 453 .
69.
Gould
A. J.
, ibid ., 1934 , 138 , 79 .
70.
Gould
A. J.
, ibid ., 1936 , 141 , 495 .
71.
Lehmann
G. D.
,
Aeronaut. Research Mice. R. & M
. No. 1054 , 1926 .
72.
Wescott
B. B.
Bowers
C. N.
, Proc. Amer. Petroleum Inst ., 1933, 14, (IV), 29; also Oil Oas J
., 1933 , 32 , (23 ), 65 .
73.
Fuller
T. S.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Iron Steel Div ., 1930 , 280 .
74.
Fuller
T. S.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Steel Treat ., 1931 , 29 , 97 .
75.
Gerard
I. J.
Sutton
H.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1935 , 56 , 29 .
76.
Rawdon
H. S.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1929 , 29 , (II) , 314 .
77.
Kenyon
J. N.
, ibid ., 1940 , 40 , 705 .
78.
Kenyon
J. N.
, Wire and Wire Products , 1943 , 18 , 449 .
79.
Fink
C. G.
Tumor
W. D.
Paul
G. T.
, Trans. Electrochem. Soc ., 1943 , 83 , 377 .
80.
Mutchler
W. H.
Kies
J. A.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1942 , 42 , 568 .
81.
Dolan
T. J.
, Univ. Illinois Bull ., 1937 , 34 , (69 ).
82.
Buchholtz
H.
Krekeler
K.
, Stahl U. Eisen , 1933 , 53 , 671 .
83.
Haigh
B. P.
Jones
B.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1930 , 43 , 271 .
84.
Moore
R. R.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1926 , 26 , (II) , 255 .
85.
Moore
R. R.
, ibid ., 1927 , 27 , (II) , 128 .
86.
Vater
M.
Henn
M.
, Korrosion u. Metallschütz , 1944 , 20 , 179 .
87.
Gould
A. J.
, J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1949 , 161 , 11 .
88.
Dorey
S. F.
, Trans. Inst. Naval Architects , 1933 , 75 , 200 .
89.
Mailander
R.
, Krupp. Monatsh ., 1932 , 13 , 56 .
90.
Burnham
T. H.
, Trans. Inst. Marine Eng ., 1934 , 46 , 1 .
91.
Wescott
B. B.
, Petroleum Eng ., 1931 , 3 , (2 ), 26 .
92.
Wescott
B. B.
Bowers
C. N.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng ., 1935 , 114 , 177 .
93.
Wescott
B. B.
, Mech. Eng ., 1938 , 60 , 813 .
94.
Morton
B. B.
, World Oil , 1948 , 127 , (13 ), 156 .
95.
Thum
A.
Holzhauer
C.
, Weirme , 1933 , 56 , 640 .
96.
Ludwik
P.
Krystof
J.
, Mitt. Techn. Versuchsamtes (Wien) , 1933 , 22 , 42 .
97.
Harvey
W. E.
Ciastkewicz
J.
Whitney
F. J.
, J. Amer. Weld. Soc ., 1935 , 14 , 18 .
98.
Laute
K.
, Korrosion: Bericht itber die III Korrosion,stagung, (Berlin) , 1938 , 6 .
99.
McKeown
J.
Mends
D. N.
Bale
E. S.
Michael
A. D.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1954 -55, 83 , 69 .
100.
Sterner-Rainer
R.
Jung-König
W.
, Korrosion u. Metallschütz , 1942 ,18 , 337 .
101.
Wilkins
R. A.
Bunn
E. S.
, “Copper and Copper-Base Alloys,” pp. 303 -320 . 1943 : New York and London (McGraw-Rill) .
102.
Donaldson
J. W.
, Metal Ind ., 1943 , 63 , 178 , 198 .
103.
Matthaes
K.
, Jahrb. deut. Versuchsanst. Luftfahrt , 1931 , 439 .
104.
Bollenrath
F.
Bungardt
W.
, Luftfahrtforach ., 1941 , 18 , 417 .
105.
Panseri
C.
, Schweiz. Arch. angew. Wise. Techn ., 1954, 20, 152; also Alluminio
, 1954 , 28 , 473 .
106.
Inglis
N. P.
Larke
E. C.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1954 -55, 88 , 117 .
107.
Beckinsale
S.
Waterhouse
H.
, ibid ., 1928 , 89 , 375 .
108.
Waterhouse
H.
,
Brit. N.-F. Metals Research
Assoc. Research Rep. BRA 440 , 1937 .
109.
Mack
D. J.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1945 , 45 , 629 .
110.
Stubbington
C. A.
Forsyth
P. J. E.
,
Boy. Aircraft Estab. Tech. Note
No. Met. 211 , 1955 .
111.
Schulz
E. H.
Buchholtz
H.
, Proc. Congr. Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat. (Zitrich. ), 1931 , (I) , 278 .
112.
Stager
H.
, Korrosion u. Metallschiltz , 1935 , 11 , 73 .
113.
Zapffe
C. A.
, Corrosion , 1953 , 9 , 298 .
114.
Lihl
F.
, Berg- u. Hattenmänn. Monatsh. montan. Hochschule Leoben , 1950 , 95 , 25 .
115.
Lihl
F.
, Metall , 1950 , 4 , 130 .
116.
Karpenko
G. V.
, Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R ., 1951 , 77 , 827 .
117.
Karpenko
G. V.
Karlashov
A. V.
, ibid ., 1953 , 92 , 603 .
118.
Ryabchenkov
A. V.
, Zhur. Fiz. Khim ., 1952 , 26 , 542 .
119.
Benedicks
C.
, (Proc.) Pittsburgh Internat. Ccmf. Surface Reactions , 1948 , 196 .
120.
Stewart
W. C.
Williams
W. L.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1946 , 46 , 836 .
121.
Bacon
F.
, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng ., 1933 , 124 , 685 .
122.
Bacon
F.
, Iron Steel Ind ., 1934 , 7 , 197 .
123.
Persoz
L.
, Métaux , 1934 , 9 , 311 .
124.
Haigh
B. P.
, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng ., 1929 , 7 , 29
125.
Haigh
B. P.
Robertson
T. S.
, Engineering , 1934 , 138 , 140 .
126.
Haigh
B. P.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1935 , 56 , 47 .
127.
Cazaud
R.
, Clam. et Ind ., 1939 , 41 , 381 .
128.
Fuller
T. S.
, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Inst. Metals. Div ., 1929 , 47 .
129.
Harvey
W. E.
, Metals and Alloys , 1930 , 1 , 458 .
130.
Krystof
J.
, Metallwirtschaft , 1935 , 14 , 305 .
131.
Behrens
O.
, Mitt. Waller-Inst ., 1933 , (15 ).
132.
Thum
A.
Ochs
H.
, Korrosion u. Metallschütz , 1937, 13, 380; also Mitt. Materialprfif. Anst. Techn. Hochschule Darmstadt
, 1937 , (9 ).
133.
Dolan
T. J.
Benniger
H. H.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1940 , 40 , 658 .
134.
Wilson
R. E.
, Metal Ind ., 1948 , 72 , 211 , 251 .
135.
Speller
F. N.
McCorkle
I. B.
, Oil Gas J ., 1933 , 32 , (23 ), 73 .
136.
McMaster
R. C.
, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat ., 1948 , 48 , 628 .
137.
Dusold
T.
, Mitt. Wöhler-Inst ., 1933 , (14 ).
138.
Thum
A.
Ochs
H.
, Z.V.d.I ., 1932 , 76 , 915 .
139.
Fiippl
O.
Behrens
O.
Dusold
T.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1933 , 25 , 279 .
140.
Bilbler
H.
, Métaux, Corrosion-Ind ., 1951 , 26 , 141 .
141.
Portevin
A.
, Metaux et Corrosion , 1938 , 13 , 43 .
142.
Daeves
K.
Kamp
E.
Holthaus
K.
, Z.V.d.I ., 1934 , 78 , 1065 .
143.
Speller
F. N.
, Metaux et Corrosion , 1949 , 24 , 7 .
144.
Speller
F. N.
et at., Proc. Amer. Petroleum Inst ., 1936 , 17 , (IV) , 68 .
145.
Holzhauer
C.
, Mitt. Materialpritf. Anst. Techn. Hochschule Darmstadt , 1933 , (3 ).
146.
Buchholtz
H.
Krekeler
K.
, Stahl u. Eisen , 1933 , 53 , 671 .
147.
Röhrig
H.
Krekeler
K.
, Aluminium , 1934 , 17 , 140 .
148.
Hauttmann
H.
, Trans. N.E. Coast Inst. Eng. Ship ., 1935 -36, 52 , D93 .
149.
Abd-El-Wahed
A. M.
, Brit. Weld. J ., 1955 , 2 , 247 .
150.
Williams
C.
Hammond
R. A. F.
, Trans. Inst. Metal Finishing , 1955 , 32 , Advance Copy No. 1 .
151.
Stareck
J. E.
Seyb
E. J.
Tulumello
A. C.
, Plating , 1955 , 42 , 1395 .
152.
Forsyth
P. J. E.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1951 -52, 80 , 181 .
153.
Forsyth
P. J. E.
, Nature , 1953 , 171 , 172 .
154.
Forsyth
P. J. E.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1953 -54, 82 , 449 .
155.
Forsyth
P. J. E.
Stubbington
C. A.
, ibid ., 1954 -55, 83 , 173 .
156.
Forsyth
P. J. E.
Stubbington
C. A.
, ibid ., 1954 -55, 83 , 395 .
157.
Waterhouse
R. B.
, “Fatigue of Metals,” pp. 105-131. 1956 : London (Institution of Metallurgists ).