Abstract
Combined quenching and tempering induced phosphorus segregation to prior austenite grain boundaries in α 0·077 wt-%P doped 2·25Cr–1Mo steel was examined using field emission gun scanning transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium phosphorus segregation may play an important part in temper embrittlement of the steel caused by direct tempering after quenching. Non-equilibrium segregation requires the formation of sufficient quantities of vacancy–impurity complexes and their migration to grain boundaries is of great importance in the segregation. For this reason, the mechanism for migration of the complexes is discussed in detail.
MST/3419
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
SEAH
M. P.
,
SPENCER
P. J.
, and
HONDROS
E. D.
Met. Sci., 1979 , 13 , 307 –314 .
2.
LEA
C.
: Met. Sci., 1980 , 14 , 107 –112 .
3.
SEAM
M. P.
and
LEA
C.
Surf. Sci., 1975 , 53 , 272 –285 .
4.
HONDROS
E. D.
and
SEAM
M. P.
Int. Met. Rev., 1977 , 22 , 262 –301 .
5.
OLEFJOIU
I.
:Int. Met. Rev., 1978 , 23 , 149 –163 .
6.
BRUNT
C. L.
and
BANERIL
S. K.
Int. Met. Rev., 1978 , 23 , 164 –199 .
7.
SEAH
M. P.
: Acta Metall ., 1980 , 28 , 955 –962 .
8.
FAULKNER
R. G.
: Acta Metall ., 1987 , 35 , 2905 –2914 .
9.
XU
T.-D.
and
SONG
S.-H.
Acta Metall ., 1989 , 37 , 2499 –2506 .
10.
VORLICEK
V.
and
FLEWITT
P. E. J.
Acta Metall. Mater., 1994 , 42 , 3309 –3320 .
11.s.- 11. SONG and T.-D. XU : J. Mater. Sci., 1994 , 29 , 61 –66 .
12.
McLEAN
D.
: ‘Grain boundaries in metals’ , 1957 , London , Oxford University Press .
13.
GUTTMANN
M.
: Philos Trans. R. Soc. (London) A, 1980, A295, 169-196.
14.
WENG
Y.-Q.
and
McMAHON
C. J.
Jr : Mater. Sci. Technol., 1987 , 3 , 207 –216 .
15.
McMAHON
C. J.
, Jr, J. C. MURZA , and
GENTNER
D. H.
:J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1982 , 104 , 241 –248 .
16.
DUMOULIN
P.
,
GUTTMANN
M.
,
MAYNIER
P.
, and
CHEVALIER
E
Met. Sci., 1983 , 17 , 70 –74 .
17.
LAWS
M. S.
and
GOODHEW
P. J.
Acta Metall. Mater., 1991 , 39 , 1525 –1533 .
18.
FAULKNER
R. G.
,
MORGAN
T. S.
, and
LITTLE
E. A.
X-Ray Spectrom ., 1994 , 23 , 195 –202 .
19.
GOLDSTEIN
J. I.
,
COSTLEY
J. L.
,
LORIMER
G. W.
, and
REED
S. J. B.
in ‘SEM 1977’ , (ed.
Johari
O.
) , 315 ; 1977 , Chicago, IL , IITRI .
20.
WILLIAMS
D. B.
: ‘Practical analytical electron microscopy in materials science’ , 83 ; 1984 , FL , Electron Optics Publishing Co .
21.
PETERSON
N. L.
: Int. Met. Rev., 1983 , 28 , 65 –91 .
22.
BRANDES
E. A.
and
BROOK
G. B.
Smithells metals reference book’, 7th edn, 13 –93 ; 1992 , Oxford , Butterworth-Heinemann.
23.
NIKOLAEVA
A. V.
, Yu. A. NIKOLAEV , and
KRYUKOV
A. M.
:J. Nucl. Mater., 1994 , 218 , 85 –93 .
24.
KIM
S. M.
and
BUYERS
W. J. L.
J. Phys. F, Met. Phys., 1978, F8, L103-108.
25.
KIRITANI
M.
,
TAKATA
H.
,
MORIYAMA
K.
, and
FUJITA
F. EIICHI
Philos Mag. A, 1979, A40, 779-802.
26.
FAULKNER
F. G.
: Mater. Sci. Technol., 1985 , 1 , 442 –447 .
27.
XU
T.-D.
,
SONG
S.-H.
,
SHI
H.-H.
,
GUST
W.
YUAN
Z.
:Acta Metall. Mater., 1991 , 39 , 3119 –3124 .
28.
OGURA
T.
: Trans. Jpn Inst. Met., 1981 , 22 , 109 –117 .
29.
DOIG
P.
and
FLEWITT
P. E. J.
Metall. Trans. A , 1987 , 18A , 399 –406 .