Carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding use gas/metal reactions to produce hard, wear-resistant layers on steels by increasing their surface concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. Carburizing relies on the formation of an austenitic case that transforms to martensite or to ferrite and cementite on cooling, whereas nitride-hardening is due to the precipitation of finely dispersed alloying-element nitrides, commonly those of Al, Cr, Mo, and V.
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