The effects of prior deformation, grain size, and grain-boundary and twin-boundary energy on the frequency of occurrence of annealing twins has been investigated. Deformed materials generally exhibit peaks in their twin frequency vs. grain size curves while undeformed materials do not. In the absence of prior deformation, at large grain sizes the twin frequency (v) could be related to the ratio of grain- to twin-boundary energy (r) by the empirical equation v = 0.13 r.
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