Abstract
In the Bronze Age, large quantities of copper were extracted by means of a complicated multistage process from the ore chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, largely mined in the Eastern Alps and the Carpathians. The methods used for ore dressing and roasting, slagging of the iron and smelting of the copper matte are now well understood; only the final conversion of the matte to pure copper is still under discussion. It now appears that an oxidising atmosphere was used for this final step. This large-scale Bronze Age technology is considered from the physical, chemical and archaeological points of view, and some aspects of alloying as well as implications for the analysis of Bronze Age artefacts are briefly introduced.
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