Abstract
Although particles of metals and metallic derivatives in the form of fume have been a widespread source of industrial wastage and pollution, aerosol generation is useful in the production of fine powders where features of the particles such as shape and surface texture are important. Methods of aerosol formation by dispersion and by condensation are surveyed, and the physical properties of the particles described. Tables of particle characteristics are given for pure metals and alloys. A notable feature of condensation aerosols, intensively studied in recent years, is the variety of shapes and structures that can occur, depending on the pressure and temperature conditions maintained in the generating plant. Progress towards the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the various types of particle has been made, and attention is drawn to the potential usefulness of the new knowledge in powder manufacture and fume abatement.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
GREEN
H. L.
LANE:
W. R.
'Particulate clouds: dusts, smokes and mists' ; 1957 , London , Spon .
2.
HIDY
G. M.
BROCK
J. R.
: 'The dynamics of aerocolloidal systems' ; 1970 , Oxford , Pergamon .
3.
VOLMER
M.
WEBER
A.
: Z. phys. Chem ., 1925 , 119 , 277 .
4.
BECKER
R.
DOERING
W.
: Ann. Phys ., 1935 , 24 , 719 .
5.
BRADLEY
R. S.
: Quart. Rev. (London) , 1951 , 5 , 315 .
6.
DUNNING
W. J.
: in 'Nucleation', (ed.
Zettlemoyer
A. C.
); 1969 , New York , Marcel Dekker .
7.
BUCKLE
E. R.
: Chem. Ind ., 1974 , 15 , 475 .
8.
BUFF
F. P.
KIRKWOOD
J. G.
: J. Chem. Phys ., 1950 , 18 , 991 .
9.
BUCKLE
E. R.
: J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Symp ., 1973 , 7 , 17 .
10.
REISS
H.
: Adv. Interf. Colloid Sci ., 1977 , 7 , 1 .
11.
REISS
H.
KATZ
J. L.
COHEN
E. R.
: J. Chem. Phys ., 1968 , 48 , 5158 .
12.
KATZ
J. L.
VIRKLER
T. L.
: J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Disc ., 1976 , 61 , 83 .
13.
NAIRNE
E.
: Philos. Trans. R. Soc ., 1774 , 64 , 79 .
14.
FARADAY
M.
: Philos. Trans. R. Soc ., 1857 , 147 , 145 .
15.
CHACE
W. G.
MOORE
H. K.
: 'Exploding wires' ; 1959 , New York , Plenum .
16.
KARIORIS
F. G.
FISH
B. R.
: J. Colloid Sci ., 1962 , 17 , 155 .
17.
JONCICH
M. L.
VAUGHN
J. W.
KNUTSEN
B. F.
: Can. J. Chem ., 1966 , 44 , 1937 .
18.
KARIORIS
F. G.
FISH
B. R.
ROYSTER
G. W.
: in Proc. Conf. on 'Exploding wire phenomena', Boston, Mass., 1961 , 299 .
19.
BARKOW
A. G.
KARIORIS
F. G.
STOFFELS
J. J.
: Adv. X-Ray Anal ., 1962 , 6 , 210 .
20.
KARIORIS
F. G.
WOYCE
J. J.
Adv. X-Ray Anal ., 1964 , 7 , 325.
21.
NASH
C. P.
MUSSELMAN
R. L.
: J. Phys. Chem ., 1970 ,74 , 2166 .
22.
WEBER
F. N.
SHEAR
D. D.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1969 , 40 , 3854 .
23.
Tuax
J.
EvicH: in 'Fundamental phenomena in the material sciences' , Vol. 3 , (ed.
Bruyn
P. L.
Duga
J J.
); 1966 , New York , Plenum .
24.
KomscHurrEa
V.
Tuscnna
j. L.
: Z. Elektrochem ., 1921 , 27 , 225 .
25.
BEISCHER
D.
ARDENNE
M. V.
: Z. Elektrochem ., 1940 , 46 , 270 .
26.
AMICK
J.
TURKEVICH
J.
: 'Electron microscopy and diffraction of aerosols formed in a dc arc', Report NYO-239, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1952 .
27.
AMICK and
J.
J. TURKEVICH: 'Further studies in electron diffraction of aerosols formed by a dc arc', Report NYO-3431, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1953 .
28.
AMICK
J.
TURKEVICH
J.
: in 'Ultrafine particles' , (ed.
Kuhn
W. E.
); 1963 , New York , Wiley .
29.
HARVEY
J.
MATTHEWS
H.I.
WILMAN
H.
: Disc. Faraday Soc ., 1960 , 9 , 113 .
30.
PFENDER
E.
BOFFA
C. V.
: J. Sci. Instrum ., 1970 , 41 , 655 .
31.
HOLMGREN
J. D
, J. 0. GIBSON, and C. SHEER:
J. Electrochem. Soc ., 1964 , 111 , 362 .
32.
BAGGULEY
D. M. S.
: Proc. R. Soc ., 1955 , A228 , 549.
33.
TAICAHASHE
K.
J. NucL Sci. Technol., 1966 , 3 , 401.
34.
KOHLSCHUTTER
V.
mutts
C.
: Z. Elektrochem ., 1912 , 18 , 373 .
35.
KOHLSCHUTTER
V.
NoLL
N.
: Z. Elektrochem ., 1912 , 18 ,419 .
36.
PFUND
A. H.
: Phys. Rev ., 1930 , 35 , 1434 .
37.
PFUND
A. H.
: J. Opt. Soc. Am ., 1933 , 23 , 375 .
38.
BEEK
O.
: Rev. Mod. Phys ., 1945 , 17 , 61 .
39.
HARRIS
L.
McGINNIES
R. T.
SIEGEL
B. M.
: J. Opt. Soc. Am ., 1948 , 38 , 582 .
40.
VAND
V.
: Proc. R. Soc ., 1943 , 55 , 222 .
41.
LEVINSTEIN
H.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1949 , 20 , 306 .
42.
HARRIS
L.
JEFFRIES
B.
sinGEL
B. M.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1948 ,19 , 791 .
43.
YaGEN
M.
ZISKIN
M. S.
Yu.
I. PEritov
: DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR , 1959 , 127 , 366 .
44.
KIMOTO
K.
KAMIYA
Y.
NONOYAMA
M.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1963 , 2 , 702 .
45.
TILL
P. H.
TulticEvIcH
J.
: 'Metallic smokes: an electron microscope examination of aerosols produced by evaporation of metals in He', Report NYO-3435, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1956 .
46.
YATSUYA
S.
KASUKABE
S.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1973 , 12 , 1675 .
47.
PALATNIK
L. S.
FEDOROV
G. V.
BOGATOV
P. N.
: Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1965 , 7 , 2648 .
48.
WADA
N.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1969 , 8 , 551 .
49.
IWAMA
S.
SHICHI
E.
SAHASHE
T.
Jpn J. AppL Phys. , 1973 , 12 , 1531 .
50.
UYEDA
R.
KUMAZAWA
M.
KATO
M.
WADA
N.
MATSUDA
M.
: Toyota-Kenkyu Hokoku , 1973 , 26 , 66 .
51.
BUCKLE
E. R.
MAWELLA
K. J. A.
BUSHNELL-WATSON
Y. M.
: J. Mater. Sci. Lett ., 1985 , 4 , 526 .
52.
BUCKLE
E. R.
POINTON
K. C.
: J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Symp ., 1973 , 7 , 78 .
53.
BUCKLE
E. R.
POINTON
K. C.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 1975 , 10 , 365 .
54.
BUCKLE
E. R.
POINTON
K. C.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 12, 75 .
55.
BUCKLE
E. R.
TSAKIROPOULOS
P.
: Ann. Proc. Chem. Soc. London , 1981 , 18 , 73 .
56.
BUCKLE
E. R.
TSAKIROPOULOS
P.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 1985 , 20 , 3691 .
57.
BUCKLE
E. R.
TSAKIROPOULOS
P.
: in Proc. Int. Conf. OTI 'Environmental pollution', (ed.
Anagnostopoulos
A.
), 375 ; 1981 , Thessaloniki , Greece, Aivazi-Zoumbouli .
58.
BUCKLE
E. R.
MAWELLA
K. J. A.
HITT
D. J.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 1984 , 19 , 3437 .
59.
BUCKLE
E. R.
MAWELLA
K. A. J.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 1985 , 20 , 2647 .
60.
MOVILLIAT
P.
: Ann. Occup. Hyg ., 1962 , 4 , 275 .
61.
DUTHLER
J. E.
JOHNSON
S.
BROIDA
H. P.
: Phys. Rev. Lett ., 1971 , 26 , 1236 .
62.
MANN
D. E.
BROIDA
H. P.
: Bull. Am. Phys. Soc ., 1973 , 18 , 657 .
63.
EVERSOLE
J. D.
BROIDA
H. P.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1974 , 45 , 596 .
64.
HOGG
E. O.
SILBERNAGEL
B. G.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1974 , 45 , 593 .
65.
KIMOTO
K.
NISHIDA
I.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1967 , 6 , 1047 .
66.
BAUER
H. E.
: 'Initial experiments to investigate condensation of flowing metal-vapor/heated-gas mixtures', Report K-910900--9, United Aircraft Research Laboratories, East Hartford, Conn., 1971 .
67.
BRYANT
W. A.
: J. Vac. Sci. Technol ., 1971 , 8 , 561 .
68.
ICEARTON
W. J.
: Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng ., 1929 , 2 , 993 .
69.
KEARTON
W. J.
: in Proc. Congr. International de Mécanique Generale , Paris , 52.
70.
HILL
P. G.
WITTING
H.
DEMETRE
E. P.
J. Heat Trans ., 1963 , 85 , 303.
71.
LINHARDT
H. D.
: Report TID 23287, Aeronutronic Div., Philco Corp., Newport Beach, Cal., 1966 .
72.
McBRIDE
D. D.
SHERMAN
P. M.
: AIAA J ., 1972 , 10 , 1058 .
73.
MeMANUS
H. N.
: in Proc . Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Chicago , 1966 , Vol. 2 , 306 .
74.
GRIFFIN
J. L.
: 'Digital computer analysis of condensation in highly expanding flows', Report 63 –206 , Argonne National Research Laboratory, 1963 .
75.
GLASSMAN
A. J.
: Analytical study of the expansion and condensation behavior of alkali-metal and mercury vapors flowing through nozzles', NASA Report TN—D2475, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 1964 .
76.
McBRIDE
D. D.
: University of Michigan , Thesis , 1969 .
77.
JONES
W. D.
: 'Fundamental principles of powder metallurgy'; 1960 , London , Edward Arnold .
78.
PERETTE
E. A.
in 'Progress in extractive metallurgy' , Vol. 1 , (ed.
Habashi
F.
); 1973 , New York , Gordon and Breach .
79.
TRESS
J. E.
CAMPBELL
T. T.
BLOCK
F. E.
: 'Preparation of submicron W powder by 112 reduction of WC16', RI 6835 , US Bureau of Mines , 1966 .
80.
RIPLEY
R. L.
LAldrlev
H.
: in 'Ultra fine particles' , (ed.
Kuhn
W. E.
); 1963 , New York , Wiley .
81.
RIPLEY
B. L.
LAMPREY
H.
: J. Electrochem. Soc ., 1962 , 109 , 713 .
82.
DUGLEUX
P.
de
S.
MARQUES
A.
: Powder Technol ., 1980 , 27 , 45 .
83.
British Patent
751 045.
84.
DELISLE
J.
: J. Met ., 1949 , 1 , 228 .
85.
HOMER
J. B.
HURLE
I. R.
SWAIN
P. J.
: Nature , 1971 , 229 , 251 .
86.
HOMER
J. B.
HURLE
I. R.
: Proc. R. Soc ., 1972 , A327 , 61.
87.
HOMER
J. B.
GRAHAM
S. C.
: J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Symp ., 1973 , 7 , 85 .
88.
KUNG
R. T. V.
BAUER
S. H.
: in 'Proc. 8th int. shock tube symp. ', 61 ; 1971 , London , Chapman and Hall .
89.
KIMOTO
K.
NISHIDA
I.
: in Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Electron Microscopy, Kyoto, Japan, 1966 , 531 .
90.
YATSUYA
S.
KASUKABE
S.
OHNO
T.
UYEDA
R.
: in Proc. 8th Int. Congr. Electron Microscopy , Canberra , 704.
91.
WADA
N.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1967 , 6 , 553 .
92.
PALATNIK
L. S.
FRIDLYANDER
I. N.
FEDOROV
G. V.
KLYAGINA
N. S.
, S. S.
D'YACHENKO, and R. A. ICRIVCHENKO : Symp. Alyminievye Splavy, lzv. Metallurgiya , 1966 , 4 , 202 .
93.
Ya
M.
. GEN and Yu. I. PETROV : Russ. Chem. Rev ., 1969 , 12 , 1007 .
94.
BUCKLE
E. R.
UBBELOHDE
A. R.
: Proc. R. Soc ., 1960 , A217 , 325.
95.
GRANQVIST
C. G.
BUHRMAN
R. A.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1976 , 47 , 2200 .
96.
YATSUYA
S.
UYEDA
R.
FUKANO
Y.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1972 , 11 , 408 .
97.
KUSAKA
K.
WADA
N.
TASAKI
A.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1969 , 8 , 599 .
98.
PHALEN
R. F.
: Aerosol Sci ., 1972 , 3 , 395 .
99.
HANSEN
I.
THOELEN
A.
: Philos. Mag ., 1978 , A37 , 535.
100.
THOELEN
A.
: Acta Metall ., 1979 , 27 , 1765 .
101.
PALATNIK
L. S.
FEDOROV
G. V.
BOGATOV
P. N.
: Poroshk. Metall ., 1970 , 4 , 88 .
102.
KIMOTO
K.
NISHIDA
I.
UYEDA
R.
: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1965 , 20 , 1963 .
103.
WADA
N.
: Jpn J Appl. Phys ., 1968 , 7 , 1287 .
104.
YATSUYA
S.
KASUKABE
S.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1973 , 12 , 1675 .
105.
YATSUYA
S.
KASUKABE
S.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1974 , 13 , 1714 .
106.
Ya
M.
. GEN, I. V. EREMINA, and Yu. I. PETROV : Zh. Tekh. Fiz ., 1959 , 29 , 1407 .
107.
Yu.
I
. PETROV : Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1964 , 6 , 2160 .
108.
KIMOTO
K.
NISHIDA
I.
: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1967 . 22 , 744 .
109.
SAITO
Y.
YATSUYA
S.
MIHAMA,
K.
and 14. UYEDA : Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1978 , 17 , 1149 .
110.
FUKANO
Y.
NAKAO
K.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys. , 1981 , 20 , 477 . Ill. I. NISHIDA: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1969 , 26 , 1225.
111.
FUKANO
Y.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1974 , 13 , 1001 .
112.
Ya
M.
. GEN, I. V. EREMINA, and Ye. A. FEDOROVA : Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1966 , 22 , 721 .
113.
TANAKA
T.
TAMAGAWA
N.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1967 ,6 , 1096 .
114.
TASAKI
A.
TAKAO
M.
TOKUNAGA
H.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1974 , 13 , 271 .
115.
UYEDA
R.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1978 , 45 , 485 .
116.
SAITO
Y.
YATSUYA
S.
MIHAMA
K.
UYEDA
R.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1978 , 45 , 501 .
117.
lawYro
K.
NISHIDA
I.
: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1967 , 22 , 940 .
118.
PALATNIK
L. S.
FEDOROV
G. V.
BOGATOV
P. N.
: Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1966 , 8 , 36 .
119.
BUCKLE
E. R.
and TSAKIROPOULOS: J. Mater. Sci ., 1979 , 14 , 1421 .
120.
BUCKLE
E R.
POINTON
K. C.
TSAKIROPOULOS:
P.
J. Mater. Sci., 1980 , 15 , 2921 .
121.
BUCKLE
E. R.
TSAKIROPOULOS
P.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 1981 , 16 , 1103 .
122.
AMELIN
A. G.
: 'The theory of fog condensation', (translated by Z. Lerman); 1976 , Jerusalem , Israel Programme for Scientific Translations .
123.
KAITO
C.
FUJITA
K.
NAIKI
T.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1970 , 9 , 151 .
124.
KAITO
C.
FUJITA,
K.
and ii. HASHIMOTO : Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1973 , 12 , 489 .
125.
KAITO
C.
FUJITA
K.
HASHIMOTO
H.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1974 , 13 , 1058 .
126.
BIRKS
N.
MEIER
G. D.
: 'Introduction to high temperature oxidation of metals' ; 1983 , London , Edward Arnold .
127.
TASAKI
A.
Sh.
S. TOMIYAMA
WADA
IIDA, N.
UYEDA:
R.
Jpn J. Appl. Phys. , 1965 , 4 , 707.
128.
SHTOCTS
Ye. V.
Ya. GEN
M.
EREMINA
I. V.
FEDOROVA
Ye. A.
DERYAGIN
A. V.
: Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1967 , 24 , 202 .
129.
Ya
M.
. GEN, Ye. V SHTOCTS, I. V. PLATE, and Ye. A. FEDOROVA : Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1970 , 30 , 645 .
130.
SHTOCTS
Ye. V.
Ya
M.
. GEN, A. N. MARTEM'YANOV, I. V. PLATE, and Ye. A. FEDOROVA : Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1972 , 34 , 982 .
131.
OSHIMA
K.
FUJITA
T.
WADA
N. A.
YOSHIOKA
H.
UYEDA
R.
: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1969 , 26 , 862 .
132.
OSHIMA
K.
FUJITA
T.
WADA
N.
: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1969 ,27 , 1459 .
133.
KOBAYASHI
S.
TAICAHASHI
T.
SASAKI
W.
: Phys. Lett ., 1970 , 33A , 429 .
134.
KOBAYASHI
S.
TAKAHASHI
T.
SASAKI
W.
: J.Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1971 , 31 , 1442 .
135.
FUKANO
Y.
KIMOTO
K.
: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn , 1967 , 23 , 668 .
136.
YUKAWA
N.
HIDA
M.
IMURA
T.
KAWAMURA
M.
MIZUNO
Y.
: Metall. Trans ., 1972 , 3 , 887 .
137.
ISHIMASA
T.
FUKANO
Y.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1983 , 22 , 1092 .
138.
ORNO
T.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1983 , 64 , 345 .
139.
PALATNIK
L. S.
FEDOROV
G. V.
BOGATOV
P. N.
: DokL Akad. Nauk USSR , 1964 , 158 , 586 .
140.
PALATNIK
L. S.
FEDOROV
G. V.
BOGATOV
P. N.
: Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1966 , 21 , 409 .
141.
ELSEA
A. R.
WESTERMAN
A. B.
MANNING
G. K.
: Trans. AIME , 1949 , 180 , 579 .
142.
OHNO
T.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1984 , 70 , 541 .
143.
KAITO
c.
: Jpn.1. Appl. Phys. , 1984 , 23 , 525.
144.
IGA
A.
TAWARA
Y.
SAKARIBARA
T.
TASAKI
A.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1969 , 8 , 1057 .
145.
BATES
C. E.
SCHEEL
L. D.
: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J ., 1974 ,35 , 452 .
146.
STEINER
B. A.
: Int. Met. Rev ., 1976 , 21 , 171 .
147.
BUCKLE
E. R.
: J. Microsc ., 1978 , 114 , 205 .
148.
'Report of the Working Party on Pollution and Noise in Steelworks', Rep. EUR
7831 , Commission of the European Communities , Brussels , 1982 .
149.
KOPONEN
M.
GUSTAFSSON
T.
KALLIOMAKI
K.
KALLIOMAKI
P.-L.
MOILANEN
M.
PUY
L.
: Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 1980 , 47 , 35 .
150.
TOSSAVAINEN
A.
: Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health , 1976 , 2 , Suppl. 1 , 42 .
151.
KOPONEN
K.
GUSTAFSSON
T.
KALLIOMAKI
P.-L.
PUY
L.
: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J ., 1981 , 42 , 596 .
152.
BOGDANDY
L.
: Arch. Eisenhiittenwes ., 1961 , 32 , 287 .
153.
MORRIS
J. P.
Rion
J. P.
ILLIG
E. G.
: J. Met ., 1966 , 18 , (7 ), 803 .
154.
MIKHECSON
M. L.
MALEVICH
A. A.
FILIPPENKO
L. I.
LEVITSKAYA
L. M.
: Zavod. Lab ., 1968 , 34 , 984 .
155.
DARBY
K.
: in Proc. Int. Clean Air Conf ., Melbourne , 241.
156.
ELLIS
A. F.
GLOVER
J.
: J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1971 , 209 , 593 .
157.
DAWSON
P. R.
: in Dust and Fume Control Seminar, Bristol, 1980 , Department of Trade and Industry (Warren Spring Laboratory) .
158.
ISHIHARA
M.
muR Ai
K.
: Trans. AIME , 1966 , 236 , 192 .
159.
FLUX
J. H.
: Steel Times. Ann. Rev ., 1976 , 691 .
160.
GRAY
C. N.
HEWITT
P. J.
moo
R.
: in 'Weld pool chemistry and metallurgy', Paper 27 ; 1980 , Abington , The Welding Institute .
161.
HEILE
R. F.
HILL
D. C.
: Weld. J ., 1975 , 54 , 201 .
162.
THOMSEN
E.
STERN
R. M.
: 'Collection, analysis and composition of welding fumes' , The Danish Welding Institute, Copenhagen , 1981 .
163.
STERN
R. M.
: 'A chemical, physical and biological assay of welding fumes. Part 1: Fume characteristics' , The Danish Welding Institute , Copenhagen , 1980 .
164.
McCARTHY
J. F.
YUREK
G. J.
ELLIOT
J. F.
AMDUR
M. O.
: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J ., 1982 , 43 , 880 .
165.
MINNI
E.
GUSTAFSSON
T. E.
KOPONEN
M.
KALLIOMAKI
P.-L.
: J. Aerosol Sci ., 1984 , 15 , 57 .
166.
Yu.
I
. PETROV and Yu. I. FEDOROV : Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 1976 , 175 , 1325 .
167.
Ya
M.
. GEN, E. A. VELICHENTOVA, I. V. EREMINA, and M. S. ZISKIN : Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1964 , 6 , 1622 .
168.
HAYASHI
T.
OHNO
T.
YATSUYA
S.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1977 , 16 , 705 .
169.
Yu.
I
. PETROV : Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1963 , 5 , 2461 .
170.
MATSUO
S.
MIYATA
H.
NOGUCHE
S.
Jpn.1. Appl. Phys., 1974 , 13 , 351.
171.
OHNO
T.
YATSUYA
S.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1976 , 15 , 1213 .
172.
YATSUYA
S.
KASUKABE
S.
UYEDA
R.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 24/25,319 .
173.
KASUKABE
S.
YATSUYA,
S.
and It. UYEDA: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 24/25 , 315.
174.
KOTECNIKOV
V. A.
and Yu. I. PETROV : Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1969 , 11 , 1391 .
175.
Ye
A.
YERMAKOV
O. A.
IVANOVA
Ya.
SHEER
S.
GRECHISHKIN
R. M.
IVANOVA
G. V.
: Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1972 , 33 , 558 .
176.
PETROV
A. E.
PETINOV
V. I.
PLATE
I. V.
FEDOROVA
E. A.
Ya
M.
. GEN : Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1971 , 13 , 1573 .
177.
SAITO
Y.
MIHAMA
K.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1980 , 19 , 1603 .
178.
SAITO
Y.
YATSUYA
S.
MIHAMA
K.
UYEDA
R.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1978 , 45 , 501 .
179.
Ya
M.
. GEN and Yu. I. PETROV : Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 1967 , 179 , 1311 .
180.
SAITO
Y.
YATSUYA
S.
MIHAMA
K.
UYEDA
R.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1978 , 17 , 291 .
181.
HECHT
J.
EVERSOLE
J. D.
BROIDA
H. P.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1977 , 48 , 1503 .
182.
OHNO
T.
YAMAUCHE
K.
Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1981 , 20 , 1385 .
183.
Yu.
I
. PETROV : Fiz. Tverd. Tela , 1964 , 6 , 2155 .
184.
Yu.
I
. PETROV : Fiz. Met. Metalloved ., 1965 , 19 , 219 .
185.
NISHIDA
I.
KIMOTO
K.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1975 , 14 , 1425 .
186.
KABAYASHI
M.
YATSUYA
S.
MIHAMA
K.
: Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1981 , 20 , 805 .
187.
KAITO
C.
SHIOJIRE
M.
Jpn J. Appl. Phys ., 1982 , 21 , L421.