Abstract
In impression- and closed-die forging, two or more dies are moved towards each other to form a metal billet at a suitable temperature to a shape given by the die impressions. The processes are capable of producing components of high quality at moderate cost. Forgings offer a high strength/low weight ratio, toughness, and resistance to impact and fatigue. In terms of tonnage, more than half of the forgings produced are used in automobiles. Approximately one-fourth of the forging industry's production is used in producing trucks, tractors, and off-highway equipment; the remainder is used in the manufacture of aircraft, railroad, and mining equipment and in other general mechanical and energy-related engineering production.
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