Abstract
The equilibrium segregation of dilute solutes to interfaces in solids is defined and reviewed. Experimental techniques for measuring segregation to grain boundaries, free surfaces, and interphase interfaces are outlined and their relative merits discussed. The overall pattern of segregation behaviour and its observed dependence on temperature, solute concentration, chemical system, interface, and co-segregating species are then presented. The theories available to explain all of these effects are illustrated by examples and are rationalized as different aspects of a single, consistent, general theory. The effects of limited diffusion kinetics are included with particular reference to industrial practice. The theories for the mechanism of segregation promoted grain-boundary fragility are discussed and the effects of segregation on grain-boundary diffusivity, grain growth, creep cavitation, intergranular corrosion, and precipitate ripening kinetics are outlined. Finally, the authors discuss some procedures for utilizing this understanding of segregation behaviour in design schemes to improve materials properties.
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