High-temperature oxidation of steel is common, although admittedly complex. The product is a surface scale which develops a more-or-less distinct boundary with the under lying metal. Under appropriate conditions, oxygen penetrates beyond the scale and further into the steel to form a dispersion of relatively fine oxide inclusions. Generally, this zone of non-metallic inclusions is rather sharply delineated and is sometimes called subscale. The term ‘internal oxidation’ is used to describe the origin of such a subscale.
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