Abstract
An attempt is made to show how recent solidification studies provide an understanding of the apparently endless array of eutectic microstructures. It is shown how early concepts of eutectic solidification have been modified until it is now possible to rationalize eutectic solidification behaviour in terms of the growth characteristics of the individual phases and the influence of solidification conditions on this behaviour. An adequate quantitative understanding of the solidification of normal structures of lamellar or rod type which are finding increasing application in the field of in situ composites is demonstrated. However, our understanding of the solidification of the anomalous structures which form the greater part of the range of commercial casting alloys remains qualitative.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Straumanis
M.
Brakss:
N.
Z. Phys. Chem ., 1935 , B30 , 117.
2.
Straumanis
M.
Brakss:
N.
ibid ., 1937 –38 , B38–39 , 140.
3.
Ellwood
E. C.
Bagley
K. Q.
: J. Inst. Met ., 1949 , 76 , 631 .
4.
Lamplough
F.E.
Scott:
J. T.
Proc. R. Soc ., 1914 ,A90 , 600.
5.
Scheil
E.
: Giesserei , 1959 , 24 ,1313 .
6.
Scheil
E.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1946 , 37 , 1 .
7.
Scheil
E.
: ibid ., 1954 ,45 , 298 .
8.
Hogan
L. M.
: J. Aust. Inst. Met ., 1961 ,6 ,279 .
9.
Kofler
A.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1950 , 41 , 221 .
10.
Turnbull
D.
Vonnegut
B.
: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop ., 1952 ,44 ,1292 .
11.
Pound
G. M.
: 'Liquid metals and solidification', 87 ; 1958 , Cleveland , Ohio, American Society for Metals .
12.
Hunter
M. J.
Chadwick
G. A.
: J. Iron Steel Inst ., 1972 , 210 , 707 .
13.
Chadwick
G. A.
: 'Solidification', 99 ; 1971 , Metals Park , Ohio, American Society for Metals .
14.
Hunter
M. J.
: J. Inst. Met ., 1973 , 101 , 274 .
15.
Chadwick
G. A.
: 'Conference on insitu composites', 25 ; 1973 , Washington DC , National Academy of Science, Report NMAB–308–1.
16.
Jacobs
M. H.
et al.: Met. Technol ., 1974 , 1 , 490.
17.
Jacobs
M. H.
et al.: ibid ., 1976 , 3 , 98 .
18.
Kraft
R. W.
: Trans. AIME , 1961 , 221 , 704 .
19.
Kraft
R. W.
: ibid ., 1962 , 224 , 65 .
20.
Kraft
R. W.
Albright
D. L.
: ibid ., 1962 , 224 , 1176 .
21.
Gruzle ski
J. E.
Winegard:
W. C.
J. Inst. Met ., 1968 , 96 , 301 .
22.
Hopkins
R. H.
Kraft
R. W.
: Trans. AIME , 1965 , 223 , 1526 .
23.
Hopkins
R. H.
Kraft
R. W.
: ibid ., 1968 , 242 , 1627 .
24.
Double
D. D.
ci al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1968 , 2 , 191.
25.
Double
D. D.
: Mater. Sci. Eng ., 1973 , 11 , 325 .
26.
Dean
H.
Gruzleski
J. E.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 21 , 51 .
27.
Davies
I. G.
Hellawell
A.
Philos. Mag ., 1969 , 19 , 1185 .
28.
Davies
I. G.
Hellawell:
A.
ibid ., 1970, 20, 1255.
29.
Jaffrey
D.
Chadwick
G. A.
: Metall. Trans ., 1970 , 1 , 3389 .
30.
Cantor
B.
Chadwick
G. A.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 23 , 12 .
31.
Cantor
B.
Chadwick
G. A.
: ibid ., 1975 , 30 , 101 .
32.
Cantor
B.
Chadwick
G. A.
: ibid ., 1975 , 30 , 109 .
33.
Garmong
G.
Rhodes
C. G.
: ibid ., 1975 , 30 , 137 .
34.
Cantor
B.
Chadwick
G. A.
: ibid ., 1975 , 30 , 140 .
35.
Hogan
L. M.
et al.: 'Advances in materials research', 83 ; 1971 , New York , Wiley .
36.
Hopkins
R. H.
Stewart
A. M.
: Philos. Mag ., 1970 , 22 , 199 .
37.
Garmong
G.
et al. :Metall . Trans .,1973 ,4 ,707 .
38.
Garmong
G.
Rhodes
C. G.
: Acta Metall ., 1974 , 22 ,1373 .
39.
Garmong
G.
Rhodes
C. G.
: Metall. Trans ., 1974 , 5 , 2507 .
40.
Garmong
G.
: ibid ., 1975 , 6A , 1335 .
41.
Garmong
G.
Rhodes
C. G.
: ibid ., 1975 , 6A , 2209 .
42.
Bishop
G. H.
Chalmers
B.
Scr. Metall ., 1968 , 2 , 133 .
43.
Aaronson
H. I.
: 'Decomposition of austenite by diffusional processes', 387 ; 1962 , New York , Inter science Publishers .
44.
Berthou
P.
Gruzelski
J. E.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1971 , 10 , 285 .
45.
Jackson
K. A.
: 'Liquid metals and solidification', 174 ; 1958 , Cleveland , Ohio, American Society for Metals .
46.
Wagner
R. S.
: Acta Metall ., 1960 , 8 , 57 .
47.
Hunt
J. D.
Jackson
K. A.
: Trans. AIME , 1966 , 236 , 843 .
48.
Jackson
K. A.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1968 , 3 –4 , 507 .
49.
Jackson
K. A.
: ibid ., 1969 , 3 –4 ,13 .
50.
Kerr
H. W.
Winegard:
W. C.
'Crystal growth', (ed.
Steffan Peiser
H.
), 179 ; 1967 , Oxford , Pergamon .
51.
Taylor
M. R.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1968 , 3 –4 , 666 .
52.
Taylor
M. R.
et al.: Metall. Trans ., 1971 ,2 , 1793 .
53.
Fidler
R. S.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1972 , 13 –14 , 739 .
54.
Croker
M. N.
et al.: Proc. R. Soc ., 1973 , A335 , 15.
55.
Croker
M. N.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1971 , 11 , 121.
56.
Croker
M. N.
et al.: ibid ., 1975 , 29 , 85.
57.
Croker
M. N.
et al.: ibid ., 1975 , 30 , 198.
58.
Kerr
W. H.
Lewis
M. H.
: ibid ., 1972 , 15 , 117 .
59.
Chadwick
G. A.
: 'Solidification of metals', 138 ; 1968 , London , The Iron and Steel Institute .
60.
Hunt
J. D.
Jackson
K. A.
: Trans. AIME , 1966 , 236 , 1129 .
61.
Brandt
W. H.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1945 , 16 ,139 .
62.
Zener
C.
: Trans. AIME , 1946 , 167 , 550 .
63.
Tiller
W. A.
: 'Liquid metals and solidification', 276 ; 1958 , Cleveland , Ohio, American Society for Metals .
64.
Hillert
M.
: Jernkontore Cs Ann ., 1957 , 141 , 757 .
65.
Strdssler
S.
Schneider
W. R.
: Phys. Cond. Matter , 1974 , 17 , 153 .
66.
Clark
J. N.
et al.: Metall. Trans ., 1975 , 6A , 232.
67.
Donaghey
L. A.
Tiller
W. A.
: Mater. Sci. Eng ., 1969 , 3 , 231 .
68.
Hunt
J. D.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1968 ,3–4 , 82.
69.
Moore
A.
Elliott
R.
Scr. Metall ., 1969 , 3 , 249 .
70.
Jordan
R. M.
Hunt
J. D.
: Metall. Trans ., 1971 , 2 , 3401 .
71.
Clark
J. N.
Elliott
R.
ibid ., 1976 , 7A , (8 ), 1197 .
72.
Clark
J. N.
Elliott
R.
J. Cryst. Growth , 1976 , 33 , 169 .
73.
Clark
J. N.
Elliott
R.
Met. Sci ., 1976 , 10 ,101 .
74.
Tassa
M.
Hunt
J. D.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1976 , 34 , 38 .
75.
Elliott
R.
: to be published .
76.
Sato
T.
Sayama
Y.
J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 22 , 259 .
77.
Kirkaldy
J. S.
: 'Energetics in metallurgical phenomena', Vol. IV , 197 ; 1968 , New York , Gordon and Breach .
78.
Bolze
G.
et al.: Acta Metall ., 1972 , 20 , 73.
79.
Clark
J. N.
publisher
R.
to be published .
80.
Walter
J. L.
Cline:
H. E.
Metall. Trans ., 1970 , 1 ,1221 .
81.
Mollard
F. R.
Flemings:
M. C.
Trans. AIME , 1967 , 239, 1526 and 1534 .
82.
Hunt
J. D.
Chilton:
J. P.
J. Inst. Met .,1962
–63 , 91, 338.
83.
Day
M.G.
Hellawell
A.
J. Aust. Inst.Mel ., 1964 , 9 ,213 .
84.
Jones
B. L.
: ibid ., 1969 , 14 , 111 .
85.
Kurz
W.
Lux
B.
Metall. Trans ., 1971 ,2 , 329 .
86.
Racek
R.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 22 , 210 .
87.
Rinaldi
M. D.
et al.: Metall. Trans ., 1972 , 3 ,3139 .
88.
Davis
K. G.
Fryzyk
P.
Can. Met. Q .,1972 , 11 , 323 .
89.
Davis
K. G.
Hogan
L. M.
: J. Aust. Inst.Met ., 1970 , 15 , 29 .
90.
Cline
H. E.
Livingston:
J. D.
Trans.AIME , 1969 , 245 , 1987 .
91.
Barclay
R. S.
et al.: J. Mater. Sci ., 1971 , 6 ,1168 .
92.
Cline
H. E.
: Trans. AIME , 1968 , 242 , 1613 .
93.
Cline
H. E.
Tarshis:
L. A.
Trans. AIME , 1969 , 245 , 422 .
94.
Hurle
D. T. J
et al.: Metall. Trans ., 1970 ,1 , 318.
95.
Hurle
D. T. J.
Jakeman
E.
J. Cryst.Growth , 1968 , 3 , 574 .
96.
Tamman
G.
Botschwar
A. A.
: Z. anorg.Chem ., 1926 , 157 , 26 .
97.
Hunt
J. D.
Jackson
K. A.
: Trans. AIME ,1967 , 239 , 864 .
98.
Moore
A.
: Ph. D. thesis , University of Man-chester , 1967 .
99.
Jackson
K. A.
: Trans. AIME , 1968 , 242 , 1275 .
100.
Burden
M. H.
Hunt
J. D.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 22 , 328 .
101.
Burden
M. H.
Hunt:
J. D.
ibid ., 22 , 99.
102.
Burden
M. H.
Hunt:
J. D.
ibid ., 22 , 109.
103.
Taylor
P. J.
et al.: Can. Met. Q ., 1964 ,3 , 235.
104.
Southin
R. T.
Jones
B. L.
, J. Aust. Inst. Met ., 1968 , 13 , 203.
105.
Nishimura
G.
et al.: Can. Mel. Q ., 1969 , 8 , 319.
106.
Jaffrey
D.
Chadwick
G. A.
: Trans. AIME , 1969 , 245 , 2435 .
107.
Marich
S.
: J. Aust. Inst. Met ., 1972 , 17 , 18 .
108.
McL
C.
. Adam and S. Marich : ibid ., 1972 , 17 , 18 .
109.
McL
C.
. Adam and L. M. Hogan : Acta Metall ., 1975 , 23 , 345 .
110.
Smartt
H. B.
Courtney
T. H.
: Metall. Trans ., 1972 , 3 ,2000 .
111.
Moore
A.
Elliott
R.
J. Inst. Met ., 1968 , 96 , 62 .
112.
Day
M. G.
et al.: 'Crystal growth', (ed.
Steffan Peiser
H.
), 151 ; 1967 , Oxford , Pergamon .
113.
Day
M. G.
Hellawell
A.
J. Inst. Met ., 1967 , 95 , 337 .
114.
Day
M. G.
Hellawell:
A.
Proc. R. Soc ., 1968 , A305 , 473.
115.
Day
M. G.
: 'Solidification of metals', 117 ; 1968 , London , The Iron and Steel Institute .
116.
Hellawell
A.
: Prog. Mater. Sci ., 1970 , 15 , 3 .
117.
Steen
H. A. H.
Hellawell
A.
Acta Metall ., 1972 , 20 , 363 .
118.
Steen
H. A. H.
Hellawell
A.
ibid ., 1975 , 23 , 529 .
119.
Toloui
B.
Hellawell
A.
: ibid ., 1976 , 24 , 565 .
120.
Kerr
H. W.
et al.: J. Aust. Inst. Met ., 1965 , 10 , 64.
121.
McLeod
A. J.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1973 , 19 , 301.
122.
Hamilton
D. R.
Seidensticker
R. G.
: J. Appi. Phys ., 1960 , 31 , 1165 .
123.
Nassar
R.
Elliott:
R.
to be published .
124.
Sahoo
M.
Smith
R. W.
: Met. Sci ., 1975 ,9 , 217 .
125.
Sahoo
M.
Smith
R. W.
: J. Mater. Sci ., 1976 , 11 , 1125 .
126.
Smith
R. W.
: 'Solidification of metals', 224 ; 1968 , London , The Iron and Steel Institute .
127.
Crosley
P. A.
Mondolfo
L. F.
: Mod. Cast ., 1966 , 49 , 89 .
128.
Gigliotti
M. F. X.
Jr
Colligan:
G. A.
Metall. Trans ., 1972 , 3 , 933 .
129.
Jenkinson
D. C.
Hogan
L. M.
: J. Cryst. Growth , 1975 , 28 , 171 .
130.
Fredriksson
H.
et al.: J. Inst. Met ., 1973 , 101 . 283 .
131.
Double
D. D.
Hellawell
A.
Acta Metall ., 1969 , 17 , 1071 .
132.
Double
D. D.
Hellawell
A.
ibid ., 1971 , 19 , 1303 .
133.
Lux
B.
et al.: Z. Prakt. Metallographie , 1969 , 4 , 530.
134.
Minkoff
I.
Lux
B.
Nature , 1970 , 225 , 540 .
135.
Minkoff
I.
Lux
B.
Microsc ., 1971 , 2 , 282 .
136.
Double
D. D.
Hellawell:
A.
'Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron', 509 ; 1975 , St. Saphorin , Switzerland, Editions Georgi .
137.
Sadocha
J. P.
Gruzleski:
J. E.
ibid ., 443 .
138.
I, Minkoff and B. Lux
: ibid ., 473 .
139.
Minkoff
I.
: 'Solidification of metals', 251 ; 1968 , London , The Iron and Steel Institute .
140.
Lux
B.
et al.: 'Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron' , 495 ; 1974 , St. Saphorin , Switzerland, Editions Georgi .
141.
Lux
B.
et al.: ibid ., 371 .
142.
Niewswaag
H.
Zuithoff:
A. J.
ibid ., 327 .
143.
Sundquist
B. E.
et al.: J. Inst. Met ., 1962
–63 , 91, 204.
144.
Gigliotti
M. F. X.
Jr
et al.: Metall. Trans ., 1970 , 1 , 891.
145.
Rohatgi
P. K.
Adams
C. M.
Jr:
Trans. AIME , 1967 , 233 , 1737 .
146.
Barclay
R. S.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1973 , 20 , 175.
147.
Lesoult
G.
Turpin:
M.
'Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron', 255 ; 1974 , St. Saphorin , Switzerland, Editions Georgi .
148.
Fredriksson
H.
Wetterfall:
S. E.
ibid ., 272 .
149.
Hillert
M.
Subba Rao
V
. V.: 'Solidification of metals' , 204 ; 1968 , London , The Iron and Steel Institute .
150.
Bosze
W. P.
Trivedi
R.
Metall. Trans . 1974 ,5 , 511 .
151.
Fredriksson
H.
: ibid ., 1975 , 6A , 1658 .
152.
Sayama
Y.
et al.: J. Cryst. Growth , 1974 , 22 , 272.
153.
Ohira
G.
et al.: 'Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron' , 295 ; 1974 , St. Saphorin , Switzerland, Editions Georgi .
154.
Hunt
J. D.
Rune:
D. T. J.
Trans. AIME , 1968 , 242 , 1043 .
155.
Hellawell
A.
: ibid ., 1967 , 239 , 1049 .
156.
Bardsley
W.
et al.: Solid State Electronics , 1962 , 5 , 395.
157.
Hulme
K. F.
Mullins
J. R.
: ibid ., 1962 , 5 , 211 .
158.
Hurle
D. T. J.
Hunt:
J. D.
Solidification of metals', 204 ; 1968 , London , The Iron and Steel Institute .