Abstract
Hardness of a material has been identified since classical times with resistance to non-elastic penetration by a punch,l and for a very long while it has also been related to resistance to scratching.2,3 These properties have been connected empirically with several other mechanical and physical properties of the material and, within limited ranges of conditions or materials, the relations are sometimes so close that measurement of the other property has been used to determine ‘hardness’.4-7 This has confused the definition of hardness but it has also added much to the practical value of hardness measurement, for hardness is commonly easier or quicker to determine than is the other property. Hardness is frequently measured on a production piece directly and without need to scrap it, rather than on a specimen of special shape.
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