Abstract
The introduction of secondary steelmaking has been one of the most significant developments in steelmaking in recent decades. In this review the operations, reactions, and reactors of secondary steelmaking are discussed in an attempt to explain the objectives, mechanisms, benefits, and potentialities of the processes by rigorous application of thermodynamic and kinetic principles. It is thought that by this means a deeper understanding might develop on what occurs in the reactors and how steelmaking can be achieved at the lowest cost. Constraints are obvious because it is not yet possible to produce steel in large quantities, and economically, in a completely closed system with controlled oxygen chemical potential.
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