Abstract
Texture is the orientation distribution of crystallites in polycrystalline materials. Since most of the physical properties of crystals are anisotropic, their macroscopic mean values are mainly controlled by the texture. Hence, property control of technological materials requires texture control. Textures are being formed in materials by all kinds of solid state processes such as primary crystallization, plastic deformation, recrystallization, and phase transformation. This is the basis for technological ‘texture tailoring’, but it also provides a sensitive tool for studying these processes themselves. Furthermore, texture can be used as an ‘internal documentation’ which can answer questions of the materials history as for instance in geology. Texture measurements are mainly done by X-ray diffraction, but neutron and electron diffraction, as well as other methods may be used. The experimentally measured ‘pole figures’ are converted mathematically into orientation distribution functions (ODFs) which are functions of three variables. This is called three-dimensional texture analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
WASSERMANN
G.
: ‘Texturen metallischer Werkstoffe’ ; 1939 , Berlin , Springer .
2.
WASSERMANN
G.
GREWEN
J.
: ‘Texturen metallischer Werkstoffe’, 2 edn; 1962, Berlin, Springer.
3.
UNDERWOOD
F. A.
: ‘Textures in metal sheets’ ; 1961 , London , Macdonald .
4.
KUDRJAVCEV
I. P.
: ‘Textures in metals and alloys’ (in Russian);
1965, Moscow, Metallurgia.
5.
BUNGE
H. i.
: `Mathematische Methoden der Texturanalyse'; 1969, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag.
6.
COULOMB
P.
: ‘Les textures dans les metaux de reseau cubique’ ; 1972 , Paris , Dunod .
7.
HANSEN
J.
POSPIECH
J.
FICKE
K. T.
: ‘Tables for texture analysis of cubic crystals’ ; 1978 , Berlin , Springer .
8.
BUNGE
H. J.
: ‘Texture analysis in materials science’ ; 1982 , London , Butterworth .
9.
BUNGE
H. J.
ESLING
C.
(eds.): 'Quantitative texture analysis': 1982, Oberursel, Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Metallkunde.
10.
MATTHIES
S.
: `Aktuelle Probleme der Texturanalyse'; 1982, Rossendorf, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR.
11.
WENK
H. R.
(ed.): `Preferred orientation in deformed metals and rocks: an introduction to modern texture analysis': 1985, Orlando, Academic Press.
12.
MERCHANT
H. D.
MORRIS
J. G.
(eds.): ‘Textures in non-ferrous metals and alloys’: 1985, Warrendale, Pa, The Metallurgical Society of AIME.
13.
BUNGE
H. J.
(ed.): ‘Experimental techniques of texture analysis’: 1986, Oberursel, DGM Informationsgesellschaft.
14.
BUNGE
H. J.
(ed.): ‘Theoretical methods of texture analysis’: 1987, Oberursel, DGM Informationsgesellschaft.
15.
GREWEN
J.
WASSERMANN
G.
(eds.): `Textures in research and practice': 1969, Berlin, Springer.
16.
KARP
J.
GORCZYCA
S.
BUNGE
H. J.
, J., POSPIECH, and W. DABROWSKI (eds.): ‘Quantitative analysis of texture’; 1971, Kracow, Academy of Sciences.
17.
PENELLE
R.
(ed.): 3C colloque europeen sur les textures de deformation et de recristallisation des metaux et leur applications industrielles'; 1973, Pont-d-Mousson, Societe Frangaise de Metallurgic.
18.
DAVIES
G. J.
DILLAMORE
I. L.
HUDD
R. C.
KALLEND
J. S.
(eds.): ‘Texture and the properties of materials’: 1976, London, The Metals Society.
19.
GOTTSTEIN
G.
LijcicE
K.
(eds.): ‘Textures of materials’; 1978, Berlin, Springer.
20.
NAGSHIMA
S.
(ed.): Proc. of 6th Int. Conf. on ‘Textures of materials’, ICOTOM 6; 1981, Tokyo, The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.
21.
BRAKMAN
C. M.
JONGENBURGER
P.
MITTEMEIJER
E. J.
(eds.): Proc. of 7th Int. Conf. on ‘Textures of materials’, 1984, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands Society for Materials Science.
22.
WEVER
F.
: Z. Phys ., 1924 , 28 , 69 –90 .
23.
DECKER
B. F.
ASP
E. T.
HARPER
D. J.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1948 , 19 , 388 –392 .
24.
scHuLz
L. G.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1949 , 20 , 1030 –1033 .
25.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1965 , 56 , 872 –874 .
26.
ROE
R. J.
: J. Appl. Phys ., 1965 , 36 , 2024 –2031 .
27.
mArnms
S.
: Phys . Status Solid
i , 92, K135—K138 .
28.
JURA
J.
LOCKE
K.
POSPIECH
J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1980 , 71 , 714 –728 .
29.
BUNGE
H. J.
ESLING
C.
: J. Phys. Lett. (Orsay) , 1979 , 40 , 627 –628 .
30.
WAGNER
F.
: in Ref. 13, 115-123.
31.
WEILAND
H.
SCHWARZER
R.
: in Ref. 13, 301-313.
32.
BUNGE
H. J.
PUCH
K. H.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1984 , 75 , 124 –131 .
33.
HIRSCH
J.
BURMEISTER
G.
HOENEN
L.
LUCKE
K.
: in Ref. 13, 63-71.
34.
PUCH
K. H.
KLEIN
H.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1984 , 75 , 133 –139 .
35.
WELCH
P. I.
CRONJAGER
H. A. D. M.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Textures Microstruct ., 1987 , 7 , 73 –84 .
36.
MULLER
M. H.
KNOTT
H. W.
: Rev. Sci. Instrum ., 1954 , 25 , 1115 .
37.
P
. 1. WELCH : Texture Cryst. Solids , 1980 , 4 , 99 –110 .
38.
BROCKHOUSE
B. N.
: Can. J. Phys ., 1953 , 34 , 353 .
39.
TOBISCH
J.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Textures , 1973 , 1 , 125 –127 .
40.
KLEINSTeCK
K.
TOBISCH
J.
: Kristall Tech ., 1968 , 3 , 455 –466 .
41.
P
. 1. WELCH: in Ref. 13, 183-207.
42.
BUNGE
H. J.
WENK
H. R.
, and PANNETIER: TexturesMicrostruct ., 1982 , 5 , 153 –170 .
43.
JUUL-JENSEN
D.
KJEMS
J. K.
: Textures Microstruct ., 1983 , 5 , 239 –251 .
44.
SCHWARZER
R. A.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1982 , 73 , 495 –498 .
45.
HUMPHREYS
J. F.
: Textures Microstruct ., 1983 , 6 , 45 –61 .
46.
BUNGE
H. J.
ESLING
C.
: J. Appl. Crystallogr ., 1981 , 14 , 253 –255 .
47.
KUPtIK
V.
WULF
R.
WENDSCHUH
M.
WOLF
A.
PAHLER
A.
: Nucl. Instr. Meth ., 1983 , 208 , 519 –522 .
48.
WILLIAMS
R. O.
: Trans. AIME , 1968 , 242 , 104 –115 .
49.
RUE
D.
R and it. BARO : Adv. X-ray Anal ., 1977 , 20 , 187 .
50.
MULLER
J.
ESLING
C.
BUNGE
H. J.
: J. Phys. (Orsay) , 1981 , 42 , 161 –165 .
51.
IMHOF
J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1977 , 68 , 38 –43 .
52.
MITCHELL
C. M.
ROWLAND
J. F.
: Acta Metall ., 1954 , 2 , 559 –572 .
53.
MAYTHIES
S.
VINEL
W. G.
: Phys. Status. Solidi(b) , 1982 , 112 , K111—K120 .
54.
BUNGE
H. J.
ESLING
C.
: Ada Crystallogr ., 1985 , A41 , 59 –67 .
55.
LOCKE
K.
POSPIECH
J.
VIRNICH
K. H.
JURA
J.
: Acta Metall ., 1981 , 29 , 167 –185 .
56.
HIRSCH
J.
LecKE
K.
: in Ref. 14, 53-62.
57.
HOUTTE
P. VAN
: Textures Microstruct ., 1983 , 6 , 1 –19 .
58.
HUMBERT
M.
: in Ref. 13, 29-49.
59.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1979 , 70 , 411 –418 .
60.
BUNGE
H. J.
SCHULZE
M.
GRZESIK
D.
: Peine and Salzgitter Berichte , 1980 , 1 –31 .
61.
BUNGE
H. J.
SCHULZE
M.
GRZESIK
D.
: Lett. Appl. Eng ., 1981 , 19 , 737 –745 .
62.
BUNGE
H. J.
GRZESIK
D.
AHRNDT
G.
: Arch Eisenhiittenwes ., 1981 , 52 , 407 –411 .
63.
GOENS
E.
SCHMID
E.
: Naturwiss ., 1931 , 19 , 520 .
64.
VOIGT
W.
: `Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik% 1928, Leipzig, Teubner.
65.
REUSS
A.
: Z. Angew. Math. Mech ., 1929 , 9 , 49 –58 .
66.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1985 , 76 , 457 –470 .
67.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1967 , 58 , 649 –657 .
68.
BLECK
w.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Acta Metall ., 1981 , 29 , 1401 –1412 .
69.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1985 , 76 , 92 –101 .
70.
BUNGE
H. J.
: in Ref. 13, 395-402.
71.
PLEGE
B.
: in Ref. 14, 393-403.
72.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1982 , 73 , 483 –488 .
73.
W
. 0STERLE, H. WEVER , and H. J. BUNGE: Met. Sci ., 1983 , 17 , 333 –340 .
74.
DABROWSKI
W.
KARP
J.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Arch. Eisenhiittenwes ., 1982 , 53 , 361 –368 .
75.
BORN
E.
SCHWARZBAUER
H.
SEMIOSHKINA
N.
WILLIBALD
E.
ZORN
G.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1986 , 77 , 49 –53 .
76.
ESLING
C.
BUNGE
H. J.
MULLER
J.
: J. Phys. Lett. (Orsay) , 1980 , 41 , 543 –545 .
77.
BUNGE
H. J.
ESLING
C.
MULLER
J.
: Acta Crystallogr ., 1981 , A37 , 889 –899 .
78.
KOPINEK
H. J.
: in Ref. 13, 171-180.
79.
JETTER
L. K.
McHARGUE
C. J.
o
R.
. WILLIAMS:
J. Appl. Phys ., 1956 , 27 , 368 –374 .
80.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1960 , 51 , 535 –536 .
81.
ROE
R. J.
KRIGBAUM
W.
: J. Chem. Phys ., 1964 , 40 , 2608 –2615 .
82.
TAYLOR
G. I.
: J. Inst. Met ., 1938 , 62 , 307 –324 .
83.
HourrE
P. VAN
WAGNER
F.
: in Ref. 11, 233-258.
84.
BUNGE
H. J.
WAGNER
F.
WELCH
P. I.
HOUTTE
P. VAN
: J. Phys. Lett. (Orsay) , 1985 , 46 , 1109 –1113 .
85.
BUNGE
H. J.
LEFFERS
T.
: Scr. Metall ., 1971 , 5 , 143 –149 .
86.
BUNGE
H. J.
ESLING
C.
DAHLEM
E.
KLEIN
H.
: Textures Microstruct ., 1986 , 6 , 181 –200 .
87.
BUNGE
H. J.
: Kristall Tech ., 1970 , 5 , 145 –175 .
88.
BURGERS
W. G.
LouwEasE
P. C.
: Z. Phys ., 1931 , 61 , 605 .
89.
BECK
P. A.
: Trans. AIME , 1951 , 191 , 474 –476 .
90.
PLEGE
B.
: in Proc. 7th RIS0 Int. Symp. on ‘Metallurgy and materials science’ , 1986 , 493 –499 .
91.
LIEBMANN
L.
ISICKE
K.
MASING
G.
: Z. Metallkd ., 1956 , 47 , 57 –63 .
92.
SCHMIDT
U.
Lucia,
K.
POSPIECH
J.
: in Ref. 18, 147-158.
93.
BUNGE
H. J.
PLEGE
B.
: in Proc. 7th RISE) Int. Symp. on ‘Metallurgy and materials science’ , 1986 , 261 –265 .
94.
BRICKENKAMP
W.
LOCKE
K.
: in Ref. 20, 570-580.
95.
BUNGE
H. J.
LEE
H. P.
DAHLEM
E.
: in Ref. 21, 217-220.
96.
movixov
V.
: Acta Metall ., 1979 , 27 , 1461 –1466 .
97.
ABBRUZZESE
G.
Okla
K.
: Acta Metall ., 1986 , 34 , 905 –914 .
98.
BUNGE
H. J.
DAHLEM
E.
: in Proc. 7th RIS0 Int. Symp. on ‘Metallurgy and materials science’ , 1986 , 255 –260 .
99.
BUNGE
H. J.
HUMBERT
M.
WELCH
P. I.
: Textures Microstruct ., 1984 , 6 , 81 –95 .
100.
DAVIES
G. J.
KALLEND
J. S.
MORRIS
P. P.
: Acta Metall ., 1976 , 24 , 159 –172 .
101.
DAVIES
G. J.
BATEMAN
R. M.
: in Ref. 20, 132-148.
102.
BRAKMAN
C. H.
: J. Appl. Crystallogr ., 1985 , 18 , 279 –295 .
103.
BRAKMAN
C. M.
: in Ref. 14, 377-390.
104.
BARRAL
M.
SPRAUEL
J. M.
LEBRUN
J. L.
MAEDER
G.
: in Ref. 13, 419-427.
105.
KRAUSE
H.
HAASE
A.
: in Ref. 13, 405-408.
106.
HOFFMANN
J.
NEFF
H.
SCHOLTES
B.
MACHERAUCH
E.
: Hiirterei-Tech. Mitt ., 1983 , 38 , 180 .