Facial growth has an important bearing on orthodontic treatment and on its stability. However, despite much research in this field, the prediction of facial growth is subject to considerable inaccuracies. The best that can be done is to base treatment on the existing facial pattern with an allowance for average growth according to age and sex. In view of the uncertainty of prediction, treatment planning should be based on facial and dental relationships that change least with growth.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BalbachD. R. (1969) The cephalometric relationship between the morphology of the mandible and its future occlusal position, Angle Orthodontist, 39, 29–41.
2.
BjörkA. (1951) A discussion on the significance of growth changes in the facial pattern and their relationship to changes in the occlusion, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 105–122.
3.
BjörkA. (1953) Variability and age changes in overjet and overbite, American Journal of Orthodontics, 39, 779–801.
4.
BjörkA. (1955) Cranial base development, American Journal of Orthodontics, 41, 198–225.
5.
BjörkA. and PallingM. (1955) Adolescent age changes in sagittal jaw relation, alveolar prognathy and incisal inclination, Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 12, 201–232.
6.
BjörkA. (1969) Prediction of mandibular growth rotation, American Journal of Orthodontics, 55, 585–599.
7.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1972) Facial development and tooth eruption, American Journal of Orthodontics, 62, 339–383.
8.
BroadbendB. H.Snr., BroadbendB. H.Jr., and GoldenW. G. (1975) Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth, Saint Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.
9.
BroadbentB. H. (1937) The face of the normal child, Angle Orthodontist, 7, 183–233.
10.
BrodieA. G. (1941) On the growth pattern of the human head from the third month to eighth year of life, American Journal of Anatomy, 68, 209–262.
11.
GreenbergL. Z. and JohnstonL. E. (1975) Computerized prediction: the accuracy of a contemporary long-range forecast, American Journal of Orthodontics, 67, 243–252.
12.
HarvoldE. (1963) Some biologic aspects of orthodontic treatment in the transitional dentition, American Journal of Orthodontics, 49, 1–14.
13.
HixonE. H. (1972) Cephalometrics: a perspective, Angle Orthodontist, 42, 200–211.
14.
JohnstonL. E. (1975) A simplified approach to prediction, American Journal of Orthodontics, 67, 253–257.
15.
JohnstonL. E. (1968) A statistical evaluation of cephalometric prediction, Angle Orthodontist, 38, 284–304.
16.
MajG. and LuziC. (1964) Longitudinal study of mandibular growth between nine and thirteen years as a basis for an attempt of its prediction, Angle Orthodontist, 34, 220–230.
17.
MeredithH. V. (1965) Selected anatomic variables analysed for interage relationships of size-size, size-gain, and gain-gain varieties, In LipsittL. P. and SpiberC. C. (Eds.), Advances in Child Development and Behaviour, Vol. 2. New York, Academic Press.
18.
ØdegaardJ. (1970) Growth of the mandible studied with the aid of metal implant, American Journal of Orthodontics, 57, 145–157.
19.
PopovichF. and ThompsonG. W. (1977) Craniofacial templates for orthodontic case analysis, American Journal of Orthodontics, 71, 406–420.
20.
RickettsR. M., BenchR. W., HilgersJ. J. and SchulhofR. (1972) Overview of computerized cephalometrics, American Journal of Orthodontics, 61, 1–28.
21.
RioloM. L., MoyersR. E., McNamaraJ. A. and HunterW. S. (1974) An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth, Centre for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
22.
SchulhofR. J. and BaghaL. (1975) A statistical evaluation of the Ricketts and Johnston growth forecasting methods, American Journal of Orthodontics, 67, 258–275.
23.
SchulhofR. J., NakamuraS. and WilliamsonW. V. (1977) Prediction of abnormal growth in Class III malocclusions. American Journal of Orthodontics, 71, 421–430.
24.
SolowB. (1966) The pattern of craniofacial associations. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 24, supplement 46.
