A method of cephalometric analysis is presented in which molar and overjet corrections are seen as the algebraic sum of facial skeletal growth and tooth movement relative to basal bone. The steps of superimposition and measurement are described, and a means of summarizing these changes—the pitchfork diagram—is suggested.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BaumrindS., KornE. L, Ben-BassatY. and WestE. E. (1987a) Quantitation of maxillary remodeling. 1. A description of osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 91, 29–41
2.
BaumrindS., KornE. L., Ben-BassatY. and WestE. E. (1987b) Quantitation of maxillary remodeling. 2. Masking of remodeling effects when an ‘anatomical’ method of superimposition is used in the absence of metallic implants, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 91, 463–474.
3.
BjörkA. (1955) Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants, Acta Odontologica Scandinavica., 13, 9–34.
4.
BjörkA. (1964) Sutural growth of the upper face, studied by the implant method, European Orthodontic Society Transactions, 40, 49–65.
5.
BjörkA. (1968) The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: method and application. American Journal of Physical Anthropology (n.s.)., 29, 243–254.
6.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1972) Facial development and tooth eruption. An implant study at the age of puberty, American Journal of Orthodontics., 62, 339–383.
7.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1976) Postnatal growth and development of the maxillary complex. In: McNamaraJ. A.Jr (ed.). factors Affecting the Growth of the Midface, Monograph No. 6, Craniofacial Growth Series, Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 61–99.
8.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1977a) Roentgencephalometric growth analysis of the mandible, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society., 53, 51–55.
9.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1977b) Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method, British Journal of Orthodontics., 4, 53–64.
10.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1983) Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years, European Journal of Orthodontics., 5, 1–46.
11.
CohlmiaG. T. (1978) The relative contributions of growth and treatment in orthodontically corrected Class 11 malocclusion, M.S.D. Thesis, Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
12.
DahlbergG (1940) Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students, Interscience Publications, New York.
13.
De CosterL. (1951) Hereditary potentiality versus ambient factors, European Orthodontic Society, Report of the Twenty-fifth Congress [sic; Report of the Twenty-Seventh Congress], 227–234.
14.
DibbetsJ. M. H. (1990) A method for structural mandibular superimpositioning, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 97, 66–73.
15.
DoppelD. M., DamonW. M., JoondephD. R. and littleR. M. (1994) An investigation of maxillary superimposition techniques using metallic implants, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 105, 161–168.
16.
DownsW. B. (1948) Variations in facial relationships: their significance in treatment and prognosis, American Journal of Orthodontics., 34, 812–40.
17.
FordE. H. R. (1958) Growth of the human cranial base, American Journal of Orthodontics., 44, 498–506.
18.
HansM.G., KishiyamaC., ParkerS. H., WolfG. R. and NoachtarR. (1994) Cephalometric evaluation of two treatment strategies for deep over bile correction, Angle Orthodontist., 64, 265–74.
19.
HarrisJ. E., JohnstonL. E. and MoyersR. E. (1963) A cephalometric template, its construction and clinical significance, American Journal of Orthodontics., 49, 249–63.
20.
HoustonW. J. B. (1983) The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements, American Journal of Orthodontics., 83, 382–90.
21.
JacobsonA. (1975) The ‘Wits’ appraisal of jaw disharmony, American Journal of Orthodontics., 67, 125–138.
22.
JenkinsD. H. (1955) Analysis of orthodontic deformity employing lateral cephalometric radiography, American Journal of Orthodontics., 41, 442–52.
23.
JohnstonL. E.Jr (1986) A comparative analysis of Class II treatments, In: VigP. S. and RibbensK. A. (eds), Science and Clinical Judgment in Orthodontics, Ann Arbor, Center for Human Growth and Development, pp. 103–148.
24.
JohnstonL. E.Jr, LinS-S. and PengS. (1988) Anchorage loss: a comparative analysis, Journal of the Tweed foundation., 16, 23–27.
25.
KeelingS. D., CabassaS. R. and KingG. J. (1993) Systematic and random errors associated with Johnston s cephalo-metric analysis. British Journal of Orthodontics., 20, 101–107.
26.
KnottV. B. (1969) Ontogenetic change of four cranial base segments in girls, Growth., 33, 123–42.
27.
KnottV. B. (1971) Change in cranial base measures of human males and females from age 6 years to early adulthood, Growth., 35, 145–58.
28.
LathamR. A. (1972) The sella point and the postnatal growth of the human cranial base, American Journal of Orthodontics., 41, 156–162.
29.
LivieratosF. A. and JohnstonL. E.Jr (1995) A comparison of one- and two-stage non-extraction alternatives in matched Class II samples, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 108, 118–131.
30.
LuderH. V. (1981) Effects of activator treatment—evidence for the occurrence of two different types of reaction, European Journal of Orthodontics., 3, 205–222.
31.
LueckeP. E.III, and JohnstonL. E.Jr (1992) The effect of maxillary first-bicuspid extraction and incisor retraction on mandibular position: testing the central dogma of ‘functional orthodontics’, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 101, 4–12.
32.
LuppanapornlarpS. and JohnstonL. E.Jr (1993) The effects of premolar-extraction treatment: a long-term comparison of outcomes in ‘clear-cut’ extraction and nonextraction Class II patients. Angle Orthodontist, 63, 257–272.
NielsenI. L. (1989) Maxillary superimposition: a comparison of three methods for cephalometric evaluation of growth and treatment change, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 95, 422–431.
35.
PaquetteD. E., BeattieJ. R. and JohnstonL. E.Jr (1992) A long-term comparison of non-extraction and bicuspid-extraction edgewise therapy in ‘borderline’ Class II patients, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics., 102, 1–14.
36.
PopovichR. and GraingerR. M. (1959) One community's orthodontic problems, In: MoyersR. E. and JayP. (eds.), Orthodontics in Mid-Century, C.V. Mosby, St Louis, pp. 192–246.
37.
RioloM. L., MoyersR. E., McNamaraJ. A.Jr, and HunterW. S. (1974) An atlas of craniofacial growth, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor.
38.
ScottJ. H. (1958) The cranial base, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (n.s.), 16, 319–348.
39.
WieslanderL. (1963) The effect of orthodontic treatment on the concurrent development of the craniofacial complex, American Journal of Orthodontics., 49, 15–27.
40.
WylieW. L. (1947) The assessment of anteroposterior dysplasia, Angle Orthodontist., 17, 97–109.