A computerized system for handling cephalometric images, developed at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, was tested against a conventional manual tracing method and a computer-controlled digitizer. Systematic errors, calibration, and handling aspects are discussed. Results showed that the computerized system provided data which compared favourably with the same measurements carried out Conventionally using manual or digitizing methods.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AltmanD. G. and BlandJ. M. (1983) Measurement in medicine: the analysis of method comparison studies, Statistician, 32, 307–317.
2.
BaumrindS. and FrantzR. C. (1971a) The reliability of head film measurements 1 Landmark identification, American Journal of Orthodontics, 60, 111–127.
3.
BaumrindS. and FrantzR. C. (1971b) The reliability of head film measurements 2 Conventional angular and linear measures, American Journal of Orthodontics, 60, 505–517.
4.
BjorkA. and SolowB. (1962) Measurement on radiographs, Journal of Dental Research, 41, 672–683.
5.
BlandM. (1988) An introduction to medical statistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6.
BlandJ. M. and AltmanD. G. (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement, The Lancet, 1, 307–310.
7.
ChaconasS. J., EngelG. A., GianellyA. A., GormanJ. C., GrummonsD. C., LemchenM. S. and NandaR. S. (1990) The Digigraph Work Station Part 1 Basic Concepts, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 24, 360–367.
8.
CohenA. M., IpH. H-S. and LinneyA. D. (1984) A preliminary study of computer recognition and identification of skeletal landmarks as a new method of cephalometric analysis, British Journal of Orthodontics, 11, 143–154.
9.
DuffM. J. B. (1978) Review of the CLIP image processing system, Proceedings of National Computer Conference, pp. 1055–1060.
10.
GravelyJ. F. and BenziesP. M. (1974) The clinical significance of tracing error in cephalometry, British Journal of Orthodontics, 1, 95–101.
11.
HattonM. E. and GraingerR. M. (1958) Reliability of measurements from cephalograms at the Burlington Orthodontic Research centre, Journal of Dental Research, 37, 853–859.
12.
HoustonW. J. B. (1970) Automated measurements of photographs and radiographs, Dental Practitioner, 21, 100.
13.
HoustonW. J. B. (1979) The application of computer aided digital analysis to Orthodontic records, European Journal of Orthodontics, 1, 71–79.
14.
HoustonW. J. B. (1982) A comparison of the reliability of measurement of cephalometric radiographs by tracing and direct digitization, Swedish Dental Journal Supplement, 15, 99–103.
15.
HoustonW. J. B., MaherR. E., McElroyD. and SherriffM. (1986) Sources of error in measurements from cephalometric radiographs, European Journal of Orthodontics, 8, 149–151.
16.
JacksonP. H., DicksonG. C. and BirnieD. J. (1985) Digital Image Processing of cephalometric radiographs. A preliminary report, British Journal of Orthodontics, 12, 122–132.
17.
MidtgardJ., BjorkG. and Linder AronsonS. (1974) Reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks and errors of measurement of cephalometric cranial distances, Angle Orthodontist, 44, 56–61.
18.
RichardsonA. (1966) An investigation into the reproducibility of some points, planes and lines used in cephalometric analysis, American Journal of Orthodontics, 52, 637–651.
19.
RichardsonA. (1966) An investigation into the reproducibility of some points, planes and lines used in cephalometric analysis, European Journal of Orthodontics, 3, 15–20.
20.
RichardsonA. (1981) A comparison of traditional and computerised methods of cephalometric analysis, European Journal of Orthodontics, 3, 15–20.
21.
SandlerP. J. (1988) Reproducibility of cephalometric measurements, British Journal of Orthodontics, 15, 105–110.
22.
SarverD. M., JohnstonM. W. and MatukasV. J. (1988) Video imaging for planning and counseling in orthognathic surgery, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 46, 939–945.
23.
ZarJ. H. (1974) Biostatistical analysis, Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.