George Northcroft, whom this Lecture seeks to honour, was, in his day, one of the leading dentists of this country and was internationally renowned. He founded the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, and was its second President. Perhaps his most lasting contribution was one of his few publications, his contribution to the volume of Dental Board lectures which were published under the title The Growth of the Jaws, Normal and Abnormal, in Health and Disease. He clearly understood the importance to the practising orthodontist of a knowledge of facial growth, a belief which I share. The purpose of this paper is therefore to attempt to summarize and comment upon present knowledge and belief on this subject.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AthertonJ. D. (1967) A descriptive anatomy of the face in human foetuses with unilateral cleft lip and palate, Cleft Palate Journal, 4, 104–114.
2.
AzumaM., EnlowD. H., FredricksonR. G. and GastonL. G. (1975) A myofibroblastic basis for the physical forces that produce tooth drift and eruption, skeletal displacement at sutures and periosteal migration, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Determinants of mandibular form and function, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
3.
BehrensR. G. (1976) Deja vu: Neurotrophism and the regulation of craniofacial growth, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Factors affecting the growth of the midface, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
4.
BerkovitzB. K. B. (1975) Theories of tooth eruption, In PooleD. F. G. and StackM. V. (Eds), The eruption and occlusion of teeth, Colston Papers No. 27, London: Butterworth.
5.
BernabelR. L. (1976) The effect of bovine somatotrophic hormoneon the in situ growth of isolated mandibular fragments, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Factors affecting the growth of the midface, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
6.
BjörkA. (1962) Facial growth in bilateral hypoplasia of the mandibular condyles, In KrausB. S. and RiedelR. A. (Eds), Vistas in orthodontics, London: Kimpton.
7.
BjörkA. (1969) Prediction of mandibular growth rotation, American Journal of Orthodontics, 55, 585–599.
8.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1972) Facial development of tooth eruption, American Journal of Orthodontics, 62, 339–383.
9.
BjörkA. and SkiellerV. (1977) Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radio-graphically by the implant method, British Journal of Orthodontics, 4, 53–64.
10.
BoydS., GonyeaW., BellW. and FinnS. (1981) Histochemical profile of the masseter muscle in the long face syndrome, Journal of Dental Research, 60(a), 725.
11.
BrashJ. C. (1924) The growth of the jaws and palate, In The growth of the jaws, normal and abnormal in health and disease, London: Dental Board of the United Kingdom.
12.
CarlsonD. S., EllisE., SchneidermanE. D. and UngerzeiderJ. c. (1982) Experimental models of surgical intervention in the growing face: cephalometric analysis of facial growth and relapse, In McNamaraJ. A., CarlsonD. S. and RibbensK. A. (Eds), The effect of surgical intervention in craniofacial growth, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
13.
CarlsonD. S. and PoznanskiA. (1982) Experimental models for surgical intervention in the growing face: histochemical analysis of neuromuscular adaptation to altered muscle length, In McNamaraJ. A., CarlsonD. S. and RibbensK. A. (Eds), The effects of surgical intervention on craniofacial growth, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
14.
DuterlooH. S. (1967) In vivo implantation of the mandibular condyle of the rat, Nijmegen: Thoben Offset.
15.
EngelsmaS. O., JansenH. W. B. and DuterlooH. S. (1980) An in vivo transplantation study of growth of the mandibular condyle in a functional position in the rat, Archives of Oral Biology, 25, 305–311.
16.
FawcettE. (1924) The development of the bones around the mouth, In The growth of the jaws, normal and abnormal, in health and disease, London: Dental Board of the United Kingdom.
17.
FinnR. A., ThrockmortonG. S., GonyeaW. J., BackerD. R. and BellW. H. (1980) Neuromuscular aspects of vertical maxillary dysplasias, In BellW. H., ProffitW. R. and WhiteR. P. (Eds), Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities, Philadelphia: Saunders.
18.
FordE. H. R. (1958) The growth of the human cranial base, American Journal of Orthodontics, 44, 498–506.
19.
GabbianiG., HirschelB. J., RyanG. B., StotkovP. R. and MajnoG. (1972) Granulation tissue as a contractile organ. A study of structure and function, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 135, 719–734.
20.
HookerD. (1954) Early human foetal behaviour, In ‘Genetics and inheritance of integrated neurological and psychiatric patterns’, Proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases, Vol. 33.
21.
IsotupaK., KoskiK., KoskinenL. and RonningO. (1975) Experimental studies on craniofacial growth, In CookJ. T. (Ed.), Transactions of the Third International Orthodontic Congress, London: Crosby, Lockwood, Staples.
22.
JamesW. W. (1960) The jaws and teeth of Primates, London: Pitman.
23.
JohnstonL. E (1976) The functional matrix hypothesis: reflections in a jaundiced eye, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Factors affecting growth of the midface, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
24.
KoskiK. (1981) Unpublished lecture at Guy's Hospital, London.
25.
KoskiK. and MakinenL. (1963) Growth potential of transplanted components of the mandibular ramus of the rat, I, Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran Toimituksia, 59, 296–308.
26.
KoskiK. and MasonK. E. (1964) Growth potential of transplanted components of the mandibular ramus of the rat, II, Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran Toimituksia, 60, 209–219.
27.
KoskiK. and RonningO. (1965) Growth potential of transplanted components of the mandibular ramus of the rat, III, Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran Toimituksia, 61, 291–297.
28.
KoskiK. and RonningO. (1966) Pitkan luun rustossen paan siirrannaisen kasvuptentiaalista rotalla, Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran Toimituksia, 62, 165–169.
29.
KoskiK. and RonningO. (1969) Growth potential of transplanted cranial base synchondroses in the rat, Acta Odontoligica Scandinavica, 27, 343–357.
30.
KreiborgS. and BjörkA. (1977) Craniofacial growth in Crouzon's syndrome studied by the implant method, Unpublished paper, Third International Congress of Cleft Palate and Related Craniofacial Abnormalities, Toronto: Canada.
31.
KreiborgS., JensenB. L., MollerE. and BjörkA. (1978) Craniofacial growth in a case of congenital muscular dystrophy, American Journal of Orthodontics, 74, 207–215.
32.
KvinnslandS. (1974a) Partial resection of the cartilaginous nasal septum in rats; its influence on growth, Angle Orthodontist, 44, 135–140.
33.
KvinnslandS. (1974b) The changes in craniofacial growth following papain administration in young mice, Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 32, 309–312.
34.
KvinnslandS. and KvinnslandS. (1976) Transplantation studies of the nasal septal cartilage in rats, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Factors affecting growth of the midface, Ann Arbor: Centre for Growth and Development.
35.
LathamR. A. (1970) Maxillary development and growth: the septo-premaxillary ligament, Journal of Anatomy, 107, 471–478.
36.
LathamR. A. (1976) An appraisal of the early maxillary growth mechanism, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Factors affecting the growth of the midface, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
37.
LathamR. A. and BurstonW. R (1966) The postnatal pattern of growth at the sutures of the human skull, Dental Practitioner, 17, 61–67.
38.
Linder-AronsonS. (1970) Adenoids. Their effect on mode of breathing and nasal airflow and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the dentition, Acta Oto-LaryngologicaSuppl. 265.
39.
LoganW. R. (1962) Malocclusion occurring during treatment by Milwaukee brace, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 217–219.
40.
LoganW. R. (1968) Recovery of the dento-facial complex after orthopaedic treatment for scoliosis, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 197–206.
41.
MackieS. A. (1979) Facial growth in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, M.Sc. Report, Institute of Dental Surgery, University of London.
42.
MagnussonT. E. (1972) A case of congenital aglossia, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 517–526.
43.
McNamaraJ. A., CarlsonD. S., YellichG. M. and HendricksenR. P. (1978) Musculo-skeletal adaptation following Orthognathic surgery, In CarlsonD. S. and McNamaraJ. A. (Eds), Muscle adaptation in the craniofacial region, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
44.
MeikleM. C. (1973) The role of the condyle in postnatal growth of the mandible, American Journal of Orthodontic, 64, 50–62.
45.
MestreJ. C., DejesusJ. and SubtelnyJ. D. (1960) Unoperated oral clefts at maturation, Angle Orthodontist, 30, 78–85.
46.
MollerE. (1966) The chewing apparatus: an electromyographic study of the action of the muscles of mastication and its correlation to facial morphology, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 69, Suppl. 280.
47.
MossJ. P. (1980a) The soft tissue environment of teeth and jaws. An experimental and clinical study: Part 1, British Journal of Orthodontics, 7, 127–138.
48.
MossJ. P. (1980b) The soft tissue environment of teeth and jaws. Experimental malocclusion: Parts 2 and 3, British Journal of Orthodontics, 7, 205–216.
49.
MossM. L. (1968) The primary of the functional matrices in oro-facial growth, Transactions of the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, 54, 107–115.
50.
MossM. L. (1975) Neurotrophic regulation of craniofacial growth, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Control mechanisms in craniofacial growth, Ann Arbor: Center for Growth and Development.
51.
MossM. L. (1981) Genetics, epigenetics and causation, American Journal of Orthodontic, 80, 366–375.
52.
NorthcroftG. (1924) The teeth in relationship to the normal and abnormal growth of the jaws, In The growth of the jaws, normal and abnormal, in health and disease, London: Dental Board of the United Kingdom.
53.
ProffitW. R. (1978) The facial musculature in its relation to the dental occlusion, In CarlsonD. S. and McNamaraJ. A. (Eds), Muscle adaptation in the craniofacial region, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
54.
ProffitW. R., VigK. W. L. and TurveyT. A. (1980) Early fracture of the mandibular condyles. Frequently an unsuspected cause of growth disturbance, American Journal of Orthodontics, 78, 1–24.
55.
RobertsonN. R. E. and JolleysA. (1968) Effects of early bone grafting in complete clefts of lip and palate, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 42, 414–421.
56.
RobertsonN. R. E. and JolleysA. (1977) Follow-up of early bone grafting, Unpublished paper, Third International Congress of Cleft Palate and Related Craniofacial Abnormalities, Toronto: Canada.
57.
RushtonM. A. (1948) Some aspects of antero-posterior growth of the mandible. Transactions of the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, 13–21.
58.
RyanG. B., CliffW. J., GabbianiG., IrleC., MontandonD., StatkovP. R. and MajnoG. (1974) Myofibroblasts in human granulation tissue, Human Pathology, 5, 55–68.
59.
SarnatB. G. (1958) Palatal and facial growth in Macaca rhesus monkeys with surgically produced palatal clefts, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 22, 29–41.
60.
SarnatB. G. (1976) The postnatal maxillary-nasal-orbital complex: experimental surgery, In McNamaraJ. A. (Ed.), Factors affecting the growth of the midface, Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development.
61.
SarnatB. G. and WexlerM. R. (1966) Growth of the face and jaws after resection of the septal cartilage in the rabbit, American Journal of Anatomy, 118, 755–767.
62.
ScottJ. H. (1953) The cartilage of the nasal septum, British Dental Journal, 95, 37–43.
63.
ScottJ. H. (1954) The growth of the human face, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 47, 91–100.
64.
ScottJ. H. (1963) Development and posture of the lips in foetal life, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 59–66.
65.
SelmanA. J. and SarnatB. G. (1957) Growth of the rabbit snout after extirpation of the fronto-nasal suture: a gross and serial roentgenographic study by means of metal implants, American Journal of Anatomy, 101, 273–293.
66.
ServossJ. M. (1973) An in vivo and in vitro autoradiographic investigation of growth in synchondrosal cartilage, American Journal of Anatomy, 136, 479–483.
67.
TerkC., TerkB. and FenartR. (1977) Comparison between hydrocephalic skulls and normal skulls in children with temporary dentition, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 197–206.
68.
ThomasN, R. (1975) Collagen as the generator of tooth eruption, In PoolD. F. G. and StackM. V. (Eds), The eruption and occlusion of teeth, Colston Papers, No. 27, London: Butterworth.
69.
WeinemannJ. P. and SicherH. (1955) Bone and bones-fundamental of bone biology, 2nd edn, London: Kimpton.
