The present paper reviews recent work on the fracture mechanics of ring crack formation from pre-existing small surface cracks when a hard sphere is pressed elastically against a hard surface. It summarises the ways in which data from these ‘Hertzian’ tests may be used to determine the extent of surface cracking damage, material fracture toughness, and strength of any residual stress in the surface. Examples are given of experiments applying these test methods.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
HAMILTONG. M. and GOODMANL. E.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met., 1966, 33, 371–376.
2.
WILSHAWT. R.: J. Phys. D, 1971, 4, 1567–1581.
3.
FRANKF. C. and LAWNB. R.: Proc. R. Soc. (London) A, 1967, A229, 291–306.
4.
WARRENR.: Acta Metall., 1978, 26, 1759–1769.
5.
MOUGINOTR. and MAUGISD.: J. Mater. Sci., 1985, 20, 4354–4376.
6.
ZENGK., BREDERK., and ROWCLIFFED. J.: Acta Metall. Mater., 1992, 40, 2595–2600.
7.
ZENGK., BREDERK., and ROWCLIFFED. J.: Acta Metall. Mater., 1992, 40, 2601–2605.
8.
WARRENP. D., HILLSD. A., and ROBERTSS. G.: J. Mater Res., 1994, 9, 3194–3202.
9.
NOWELLD. and HILLSD. A.: J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 1987, 22, 177–184.
10.
LINS., WARRENP. D., and HILLSD. A.: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1998, 18, 445–450.
11.
SWINDLEHURSTW. E. and LAWNB. R.: J. Mater. Sci., 1976, 11, 1653–1660.
12.
WARRENP. D., HILLSD. A., and ROBERTSS. G.: J. Hard Mater., 1994, 5, 213–228.
13.
ANYAC. C. and ROBERTSS. G.: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1996, 16, 1107–1114.
14.
WARRENP. D.: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1995, 15, 201–207.
15.
JOHNSONK. L., O'CONNORJ. J., and WOODWARDA. C.: Proc. R. Soc. (London) A, 1973, A334, 95.
16.
ANSTISG. R., CHANTIKULP., LAWNB. R., and MARSHALLD. B.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1981, 64, 533–538.
17.
PONTONC. B. and RAWLINGSR. D.: Mater. Sci. Technol., 1989, 5, 865–872.
18.
PONTONC. B. and RAWLINGSR. D.: Mater. Sci. Technol., 1989, 5, 961–976.
19.
AUERBACHF.: Ann. Phys. Chem., 1891, 43, 61.
20.
LAWNB. R.: J. Appl. Phys., 1968, 39, 4828–4836.
21.
ROBERTSS. G., LAWRENCEC. W., BISRATY., WARRENP. D., and HILLSD. A.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1999, 82, 1809–1816.
22.
BRADSHAWJ. M. and TAYLORB.: The physics of non-crystalline materials’, (ed. PyeL. D. et al.); 471–475; 1992, London, Taylor and Francis.
23.
KISHIIT.: Opt. Lasers Eng., 1983, 4, 25–40.
24.
NIIHARAK.: J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn, 1991, 99, 974–982.
25.
STEARNSL. C., ZHAOJ., and HARMERM. P.: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1992, 10, 473–477.
26.
ZHAOJ., STEARNSL. C., HARMERM. P., CHANH. M., MILLERG. A., and COOKR. E.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1993, 76, 503–510.
27.
BORSAC. E., JIAOS., TODDR. I., and BROOKR. J.: J. Microsc., 1994, 177, 305–312.
28.
CARROLLL. M., STERNITZKEM., and DERBYB.: Acta Mater., 1996, 44, 4543–4552.
29.
WUH. Z., LAWRENCEC. W., ROBERTSS. G., and DERBYB.: Acta Mater., 1998, 46, 3839–3848.
