Eu2O3 was added to bioactive glass ceramic in the system CaO–SiO2–P2O5–MgO–CaF2 to prepare porous luminescent scaffold with high mechanical property. The crystal structure, compressive strength, in vitro bioactivity, cell affinity and luminescent property under ultraviolet of samples was evaluated. According to results, Eu2O3 improved the crystallisation behaviour but inhibited fluorapatite formation in the glass ceramics. Although scaffolds had connective porous structure, the compressive strength could be improved to as high as 3·6 MPa with the addition of Eu2O3. The in vitro bioactivity test showed a decrease in Ca release ability and a retardation of apatite forming on the samples with increasing substitution of Eu2O3 for CaO. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheyltetrazolium bromide assay and SEM observation results displayed that ROS17/2·8 cells could attach and differentiate on all the scaffolds. Moreover, the Eu2O3 doped scaffolds fluoresced well a red colour under ultraviolet, and a decrease in the emission intensities could be observed after the cell coculturing process.
HenchLL, SplinterWC, AllenWC and GreenleeTK: ‘Bonding mechanism at the interface of ceramics prosthetic materials’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1971, 5, 117–141.
2.
KokuboT: ‘Apatite formation on surfaces of ceramics, metals and polymers in body environment’, Acta Mater., 1998, 46, 2519–2527.
3.
XynosID, EdgarAJ, ButteryLDK, HenchLL and PolakJM: ‘Gene-expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass 45S5 dissolution’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2001, 55, 151–157.
4.
GorustovichAA, RoetherJA and BoccacciniAR: ‘Effect of bioactive glasses on angio-genesis: a review of in vitro and in vivo evidences’, Tissue Eng. B, 2010, 16B, 199–207.
5.
QiangF, SaizE, MohamedNR and AntoniPT: ‘Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future perspectives’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2011, C31, 1245–1256.
6.
HoppeA, GüldalNS and BoccacciniAR: ‘A review of the biological response to ionic dissolution products from bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics’, Biomaterials, 2011, 32, 2757–2774.
7.
HesarakiS, GholamiM, VazehradS and ShahrabiS: ‘The effect of Sr concentration on bioactivity and biocompatibility of sol–gel derived glasses based on CaO–SrO–SiO2–P2O5 quaternary system’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2010, C30, 383–390.
8.
FresaR, CostantiniA, BuriA and BrandaF: ‘Apatite formation on (2−x)CaOx/3M2O3·2SiO2 glasses [M = La,Y;0≤x≤6] in a simulated body fluid’, Biomaterials, 1995, 16, 1240–1253.
9.
LeonelliC, LusvardiGMalavasiG, MenabueL and TonelliM: ‘Synthesis and characterization of cerium-doped glasses and in vitro evaluation of bioactivity’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2003, 316, 198–216.
10.
CostantiniA, FresaR, BuriA and BrandaF: ‘Effect of the substitution of Y2O3 for CaO on the bioactivity of 2·5CaO·2SiO2 glass’, Biomaterials, 1997, 18, 453–458.
11.
BrandaF, Arcobello-VarleseF, CostantiniA and LucianiG: ‘Effect of the substitution of M2O3 (M = La,Y,In,Ga,Al) for CaO on the bioactivity of 2·5CaO–2SiO2 glass’, Biomaterials, 2002, 23, 711–716.
12.
ErolMM, MourinV, NewbyP, ChatzistavrouX, RoetherJA, HupaL and BoccacciniAR: ‘Copper-releasing, boron-containing bioactive glass-based scaffolds coated with alginate for bone tissue engineering’, Acta Biomater., 2012, 8, 792–801.
13.
Al-HaidaryJ, Al-HaidariM and QrunfulehS: ‘Effect of yttria addition on mechanical, physical and biological properties of bioactive MgO–CaO–SiO2–P2O5–CaF2 glass ceramic’, Biomed. Mater., 2008, 3, 015005.
14.
HabibovicP and BarraletJE: ‘Bioinorganics and biomaterials: bone repair’, Acta Biomater., 2011, 7, 3013–3016.
15.
KattelK, ParkJY, XuW, KimHG, LeeEJ, BonyBA, HeoWC, ChangY, KimTJ, DoJY, ChaeKS, KwakYW and LeeGH: ‘Water-soluble ultrasmall Eu2O3 nanoparticles as a fluorescent imaging agent: In vitro and in vivo studies’, Colloids Surf. A, 2012, 394A, 85–91.
16.
BartaCA, Sachs-BarrableK, JiaJ, ThompsonKH, WasanKM and OrvigC: ‘Lanthanide containing compounds for therapeutic care in bone resorption disorders’, Dalton Trans., 2007, 21, 5019–5030.
17.
TanYN, LiuY, ZhangZB, HuangBY and GroverLM: ‘Hydroxyapatite formation on surface of calcium aluminate cements’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2011, 11, 464–468.
18.
KuoT and ChenT: ‘Synthesis and luminescence of Ca4YO(BO3)3:Eu3+ for fluorescent lamp application’, Opt. Mater., 2010, 32, 882–885.
19.
RaoCS, KumarKU and JayasankarCK: ‘Luminescence properties of Eu3+ ions in phosphate-based bioactive glasses’, Solid State Sci., 2011, 13, 1309–1314.
20.
KrebsJK, BrownsteinJM and GibidesJT: ‘Decay dynamics of europium excited states in bioactive glasses’, J. Lumin., 2008, 128, 780–782.
21.
GraeveOA, KanakalaR, MadadiA, WilliamsBC and GlassKC: ‘Luminescence variations in hydroxyapatites doped with Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions’, Biomaterials, 2010, 31, 4259–4267.
22.
HanYC, WangXY and LiSP: ‘Biocompatible europium doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a biological fluorescent probe’, Curr. Nanosci., 2010, 6, 178–183.
23.
DoatA, FanjulM, PelléF, HollandeE and LebugleA: ‘Europium-doped bioapatite: a new photostable biological probe, internalizable by human cells’, Biomaterials, 2003, 24, 3365–3371.
24.
ChenF, HuangP, ZhuYJ, WuJ and CuiDX: ‘Multifunctional Eu3+/Gd3+ dual-doped calcium phosphate vesicle-like nanospheres for sustained drug release and imaging’, Biomaterials, 2012, 33, 6447–6455.
25.
ChenF, HuangP, ZhuYJ, ZhangC and CuiDX: ‘The photoluminescence, drug delivery and imaging properties of multifunctional Eu3+/Gd3+ dual-doped hydroxyapatite nanorods’, Biomaterials, 2011, 32, 9031–9039.
26.
YangP, QuanZ, HouZ, LiC, KangX, ChengZ and LinJ: ‘A magnetic, luminescent and mesoporous core–shell structured composite material as drug carrier’, Biomaterials, 2009, 30, 4786–4795.
27.
HuangS, KangX, ChengZ, MaP, JiaY and LinJ: ‘Electrospinning preparation and drug delivery properties of Eu3+/Tb3+ doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanofibers’, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2012, 387, 285–291.
28.
FanY, YangP, HuangS, JiangJ, LianH and LinJ: ‘Luminescent and mesoporous europium-doped bioactive glasses (MBG) as a drug carrier’, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113C, 7826–7830.
29.
GinebraM, CanalC, EspanolM, PastorinoaD and MontufaraEB: ‘Calcium phosphate cements as drug delivery materials’, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2012, 64, 1090–1110.
30.
ZhangW, ZhouD, YangW, YinG and OuJ: ‘A novel europium doped apatite/wollastonite porous magnetic bioactive glass ceramic’, J. Biomed. Eng., 2007, 24, 785–789.
31.
KokuboT: in ‘An introduction to bioceramics’ (ed. L. L. Hench et al.), 75–84, 1993; Singapore, World Scientific.
32.
XueM, FengDG, LiGD, YangWZ and ZhouDL: ‘Preparation of porous apatite–wollastonite bioactive glass ceramic (AW-GC) by dipping with polymer foams’, Chin. J. Inorg. Chem., 2007, 23, 708–712.
33.
KokuboT, KushitaniH, SakaS, KitsugiT and YamamuroT: ‘Solution sable to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1990, 24, 721–734.
34.
SkeltonKL, GlennJV, ClarkeSA, GeorgiouG, ValappilSP, KnowlesJC, NazhatSN and JordanGR: ‘Effect of ternary phosphate-based glass compositions on osteoblast and osteoblast-like proliferation, differentiation and death in vitro’, Acta Biomater., 2007, 3, 563–572.
35.
LiB, ChenX, GuoB, WangX, FanH and ZhangX: ‘Fabrication and cellular biocompatibility of porous carbonated biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics with a nanostructure’, Acta Biomater., 2009, 5, 134–143.
36.
VarshenyaAK: ‘Fundamentals of inorganic glasses’, 1st edn; 1994, San Diego, CA, Academic Press.
37.
McMillanPW: ‘Glass-ceramics’, 2nd edn; 1979, San Diego, CA, Academic Press.
SalmanSM, SalamaSN, DarwishH and MahdyEA: ‘The role of MgO on the structural properties of CaO–Na2O(MgO)–P2O5–CaF2–SiO2 derived glass ceramics’, Ceram. Int., 2010, 36, 55–61.
40.
CherniakDJ: ‘Rare earth element diffusion in apatite’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2000, 64, 3775–3932.
41.
LiGD, ManY, XueM, YangW, JiL, CaoB and ZhouDL: ‘Synthesis and characterizations of porous lanthanum doped bioactive glass ceramics’, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2007, 37, 268–272.
42.
MaJ, ChenCZ, WangDG and HuJH: ‘Synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity of magnesium-doped sol–gel glass and glass-ceramics’, Ceram. Int., 2011, 37, 1637–1644.
43.
ShihCJ, ChenHT, HuangLF, LuPS, ChangHF and ChangIL: ‘Synthesis and in vitro bioactivity of mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2010, C30, 657–663.
44.
VaidC and MurugaveS: ‘Alkalioxide containing mesoporous bioactiveg lasses: synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2013, C33, 959–968.
45.
SinghRK, KothiyalGP and SrinivasanA: ‘In vitro evaluation of bioactivity of CaO–SiO2–P2O5–Na2O–Fe2O3 glasses’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 255, 6827–6831.
46.
BaikousiM, AgathopoulosS, PanagiotopoulosI, GeorgoulisAD, LouloudiM and KarakassidesMA: ‘Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel derived bioactive CaO–SiO2–P2O5 glasses containing magnetic nanoparticles’, J. Sol–Gel Sci. Technol., 2008, 47, 95–101.
47.
RománJ, SalinasAJ, Vallet-RegíM, OliveiraJM, CorreiaRN and FernandesMH: ‘Role of acid attack in the in vitro bioactivity of a glass-ceramic of the 3CaO.P2O5–CaO.SiO2–CaO.MgO.2SiO2 system’, Biomaterials, 2001, 22, 2013–2019.
48.
PadillaS, RománJ, CarenasA and Vallet-RegíM: ‘The influence of the phosphorus content on the bioactivity of sol–gel glass ceramics’, Biomaterials, 2005, 26, 475–483.
49.
ZhuY, WuC, RamaswamyY, KockrickE, SimonP, KaskelS and ZreiqatH: ‘Preparation, characterization and in vitro bioactivity of mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering’, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2008, 112, 494–503.
50.
KhanAS, AhmedZ, EdirisingheMJ, WongFS and RehmanIU: ‘Preparation and characterization of a novel bioactive restorative composite based on covalently coupled polyurethane-nanohydroxyapatite fibres’, Acta Biomater., 2008, 4, 1275–1287.
51.
YuL, XiaoH and ChengY: ‘Influence of magnesia on the structure and properties of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–F glass-ceramics’, Ceram. Int., 2008, 34, 63–68.
52.
HanifiA, GensonARedingtonW, PomeroyMJ and HampshireS: ‘Effects of nitrogen and fluorine on crystallisation of Ca–Si–Al–O–N–F glasses’, Ceram. Int., 2012, 32, 849–857.
53.
JonesJR: ‘Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids’, Acta Biomater., 2013, 9, 4457–4486.
54.
AlizadehP, Eftekhari YektaB and JavadiT: ‘Preparation of machinable bioactive mica diopside–fluoroapatite glass–ceramics’, Adv. Appl.Ceram., 2010, 109, 56–61.
55.
LuoYR: ‘Comprehensive handbook of chemical bond energies’, 1st edn; 2007, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
56.
GoldsteinSA: ‘The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic location and function’, J. Biomech., 1987, 20, 1055–1061.
57.
Ruiz-HernándezE, SerranoMC, ArcosD and Vallet-RegíM: ‘Glass-glass ceramic thermoseeds for hyperthermic treatment of bone tumors’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2006, 79A, 533–543.
ElfayoumiMAK, Abdel-FattahWI, El-BassyouniGT: ‘Development of biomimetic coatings on Sm oxide doped ELB (Eu–Li–borate) glasses’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2010, C30, 509–517.
60.
SkeltonKL, GlennJV, ClarkeSA, GeorgiouG, ValappilSP, KnowlesJC, NazhatandSNJordanGR: ‘Effect of ternary phosphate-based glass compositions on osteoblast and osteoblast-like proliferation, differentiation and death in vitro’, Acta Biomater., 2007, 3, 563–572.
61.
AnselmeK: ‘Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials’, Biomaterials, 2000, 21, 667–681.
62.
CiobanuCS, MassuyeauF, AndronescuE, StanMS, DinischiotuA and PredoiD: ‘Biocompatibility study of europium doped crystalline hydroxyapatite bioceramics’, Digest J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 2011, 6, 1639–1647.
63.
FrumosuF, IconaruSL and PredoiD: ‘Europium concentration effect of europium doped hydroxyapatite on proliferation of osteoblast cells’, Digest J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 2011, 6, 1859–1865.
64.
MasumaR, KashimaS, KurasakiM and OkunoT: ‘Effects of UV wavelength on cell damages caused by UV irradiation in PC12 cells’, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2013, 125B, 202–208.
