Metallurgical slag, quartz sand and coal fly ash were used as the raw materials for preparation of glass–ceramics according to their compositions and characteristics. Under different mole ratios of (CaO+MgO)/SiO2, the crystallisation mechanism, microstructure and main mechanical properties of glass–ceramics were systematically investigated through differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical and chemical properties test. The results indicate that MgO plays the same role of CaO. The crystallisation activation energy Ea and crystallisation temperature Tp decrease as the increase in (CaO+MgO)/SiO2 ratio. It is found that when (CaO+MgO)/SiO2 ratio is 0·64 and sintering lasts for 1 h at 996°C, main phase of diopside can be obtained with the best mechanical properties and chemical durability, such as bending strength 110 MPa, microhardness 6·5 GPa, mass loss rate of 0·25 and 0·1% as acid resistance and alkali resistance respectively.
FurlaniE, TonelloG and MaschioS: ‘Recycling of steel slag and glass cullet from energy saving lamps by fast firing production of ceramics’, Waste Manag., 2010, 30, 1714–1719.
2.
BernardoE, PontikesY and AngelopoulosG: ‘Optimisation of low temperature sinter crystallisation of waste derived glass’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2012, 111, 472–479.
3.
StatisticsNB and ProtectionME: ‘China statistical yearbook on environment 2012’, 1st edn; 2012, Beijing, China Statistics Press.
4.
Kumar YadavA and GautamC: ‘A review on crystallisation behaviour of perovskite glass ceramics’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2014, 113, 193–207.
5.
FrancisA: ‘Conversion of blast furnace slag into new glass-ceramic material’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2004, 24, 2819–2824.
6.
WangZ, NiW, JiaY, ZhuL and HuangX: ‘Crystallization behavior of glass ceramics prepared from the mixture of nickel slag, blast furnace slag and quartz sand’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2010, 356, 1554–1558.
7.
BouE, QueredaM, LeverD, BoccacciniA and CheesemanC: ‘Production of pulverised fuel ash tiles using conventional ceramic production processes’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2009, 108, 44–49.
8.
AiX, LiY, GuX and CangD: ‘Development of ceramic based on steel slag with different magnesium content’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2013, 112, 213–218.
9.
YangY, XuJ, CaiB, WangQ, XiuD, ZhaoZ, SunQ and CaoS: ‘Synthesis and applications of black ceramic from recycled industrial wastes’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2013, 112, 146–148.
10.
ErolM, KüçükbayrakS and Ersoy MericboyuA: ‘Comparison of the properties of glass, glass–ceramic and ceramic materials produced from coal fly ash’, J. Hazard. Mater., 2008, 153, 418–425.
11.
ErolM, KüçükbayrakS and Ersoy MericboyuA: ‘The application of differential thermal analysis to the study of isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of coal fly ash based glasses’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2009, 355, 569–576.
12.
KimJM and KimHS: ‘Processing and properties of a glass-ceramic from coal fly ash from a thermal power plant through an economic process’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2004, 24, 2825–2833.
13.
LeroyC, FerroM, MonteiroR and FernandesM: ‘Production of glass-ceramics from coal ashes’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2001, 21, 195–202.
14.
YoonSD, LeeJU, LeeJH, YunYH and YoonWJ: ‘Characterization of wollastonite glass-ceramics made from waste glass and coal fly ash’, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29, 149–153.
15.
ZhaoT, LiBW, GaoZY and ChangDQ: ‘The utilization of rare earth tailing for the production of glass–ceramics’, Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Adv., 2010, B170, 22–25.
16.
ShaoH, LiangK, PengF, ZhouF and HuA: ‘Production and properties of cordierite-based glass-ceramics from gold tailings’, Miner. Eng., 2005, 18, 635–637.
17.
DasSK, KumarS and RamachandraraoP: ‘Exploitation of iron ore tailing for the development of ceramic tiles’, Waste Manag., 2000, 20, 725–729.
18.
KaramanovA, PisciellaP, CantaliniC and PelinoM: ‘Influence of Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio on the crystallization of iron-rich glasses made with industrial wastes’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 83, 3153–3157.
19.
KuoC, ChengP and ChouC: ‘Matched glass-to-Kovar seals in N2 and Ar atmospheres’, Int. J. Min. Met. Mater., 2013, 20, 874–882.
20.
OuyangX, XiaoZ and LuA: ‘Phase transformation and microstructure of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system glass–ceramics under different heat treatment conditions’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2009, 108, 178–182.
21.
RosenflanzA, TangemanJ and AndersonT: ‘On processing and properties of liquid phase derived glass ceramics in Al2O3–La2O3–ZrO2 system’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2012, 111, 323–332.
22.
CicekB, EspositoL, TucciA, BernardoE, BoccacciniA and BinghamP: ‘Microporous glass ceramics from combination of silicate, borate and phosphate wastes’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2012, 111, 415–421.
23.
ErcenkE, SenU and YilmazS: ‘The effect of SiC addition on the crystallization kinetics of atmospheric plasma–sprayed basalt-based coatings’, Ceram. Int., 2012, 38, 6549–6556.
24.
EwaisEM, GrathwohlG and AhmedYM: ‘Crystallization of Mixer Slag–Derived Glass–Ceramic Composites’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2010, 93, 671–678.
25.
QiuL and LiangK: ‘Non-isothermal crystallisation behaviour of fluorophlogopite/nepheline glass ceramics’, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2013, 112, 311–315.
26.
AugisJ and BennettJ: ‘Calculation of the Avrami parameters for heterogeneous solid state reactions using a modification of the Kissinger method’, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 1978, 13, 283–292.
27.
KaramanovA, AvramovI, ArrizzaL, PascovaR and GutzowI: ‘Variation of Avrami parameter during non-isothermal surface crystallization of glass powders with different sizes’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2012, 358, 1486–1490.
28.
ChenJ, YangH, ChadeyronR, TangD and ZhangT: ‘Tuning the interfacial reaction between CaO–SrO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 sealing glass–ceramics and Cr-containing interconnect: Crystalline structure vs. glass structure’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2014, 34, 1989–1996.
29.
DemirkesenE and MaytalmanE: ‘Effect of Al2O3 additions on the crystallization behaviour and bending strength of a Li2O–ZnO–SiO2 glass-ceramic’, Ceram. Int., 2001, 27, 99–104.
30.
LikitvanichkulS and LacourseW: ‘Apatite–wollastonite glass-ceramics part I Crystallization kinetics by differential thermal analysis’, J. Mater. Sci., 1998, 33, 5901–5904.
31.
ColominesG, van der LeeA, RobinJJ and BoutevinB: ‘X-ray diffraction of the crystallinity of glycolysates derived from PET’, Eur. Polym. J., 2008, 44, 2874–2885.
32.
JeonCJ, LeeJK and KimES: ‘Effect of Al2O3 on thermal properties of 0·5CaAl2Si2O8–0·5CaMgSi2O6 glass–ceramics’, Ceram. Int., 2012, 38, (Suppl. 1), S557–S561.
33.
ZhangK, LiuJ, LiuW and YangJ: ‘Preparation of glass–ceramics from molten steel slag using liquid–liquid mixing method’, Chemosphere, 2011, 85, 689–692.
34.
ChengT and ChenY: ‘On formation of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramics by vitrification of incinerator fly ash’, Chemosphere, 2003, 51, 817–824.
35.
DonaldI: ‘Preparation, properties and chemistry of glass-and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings’, J. Mater. Sci., 1993, 28, 2841–2886.
36.
MarquesVMF, TulyaganovDU, AgathopoulosS, GataullinVK, KothiyalGP and FerreiraJMF: ‘Low temperature synthesis of anorthite based glass-ceramics via sintering and crystallization of glass-powder compacts’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2006, 26, 2503–2510.
37.
VenturaJMG, TulyaganovDU, AgathopoulosS and FerreiraJMF: ‘Sintering and crystallization of akermanite-based glass–ceramics’, Mater. Lett., 2006, 60, 1488–1491.
38.
DengW, ChengJ, TianP and WangM: ‘Chemical durability and weathering resistance of canasite based glass and glass-ceramics’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2012, 358, 2847–2854.
39.
MelcherM and SchreinerM: ‘Statistical evaluation of potash-lime-silica glass weathering’, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2004, 379, 628–639.
