Residual stresses in spot welded joints play an important role in affecting the durability of the joint. This paper reviews the numerical models used to predict the spatial and temporal generation of residual stresses and the experimental measurements to investigate the state of such stresses in spot welded steel sheets. The effect of residual stress on the fatigue strength of a spot welded joint has also been presented. Factors and methods that can favourably change the residual stress distribution in a spot welded joint to improve its fatigue strength have been summarised.
LuJ. (ed.) ‘Handbook of measurement of residual stresses’; 1995, Lilburn, GA, The Fairmont Press.
2.
ASME: ‘ASME boiler and pressure vessel code’, Section VIII, Division 1, ‘Rules for construction of pressure vessels’; 2007, Washington, DC, ASME.
3.
AnastassiouM., BabbitM. and LebrunJ. L.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1989, A125, (2), 141–156.
4.
NoyanI. C. and ChenJ. B.: ‘Residual stress measurement by diffraction and interpretation’; 1987, New York, Springer-Verlag.
5.
BrunoG.: Int. J. Mater. Res., 2007, 98, (1), 72–79.
6.
ClarkV. A., MoulderJ. C., TrevisianR. E., SiewertT. A. and MignognaR. B.: in ‘Review of progress in quantitative NDE’, (ed. D. O. Thompson andD. E. Chimenti), Vol. 5B, 1461–1472; 1986, New York, Plenum Press.
7.
FlammanM. T. and ManningB. H.: Exp. Mech., 1985, 25, 205–220.
8.
SchajerG. S.: J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1981, 103, (2), 157–163.
9.
SchajerG. S.: J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1988, 110, (4), 338–349.
10.
Niku-LariA., LuJ. and FlavenotF. J.: Exp. Mech., 1985, 25, 175–185.
11.
PerryK. E.Jr, EpsteinJ. S. and ClarkD. E.: Opt. Lasers Eng., 1997, 27, (1), 101–109.
12.
KhannaS. K., HeC. L. and AgrawalH. N.: J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 2001, 123, 132–138.
13.
NicolettoG.: J. Strain Anal. Eng., 1988, 23, 169–178.
14.
PostD., HanB. and IfjuP.: ‘High sensitivity Moire’; 1993, Bethel, CT, Society of Experimental Mechanics.
15.
NelsonD. and MakinoA.: Exp. Mech., 1994, 34, (1), 66–88.
16.
PopkovskiiV. A. and BerezienkoV. P.: Weld. Int., 1988, 2, (12), 1058–1061.
17.
BaeD. H., SohnI. S. and HongJ. K.: Weld. J., 2003, 82, (1), 18–23.
18.
BrandP. C., PraskH. J., BlackburnJ., FieldsR. J. and ProctorT. M.: Proc. Materials Research Society Symp. on ‘Neutron scattering in materials science II’, Boston, MT, USA, November-December 1994, Materials Research Society, vol. 376, 429–433.
19.
ZhangW.: Proc. Seminar on ‘Advances in resistance welding’, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 2000, European Institute for the Joining of Materials, 1–11.
20.
SantellaM. L., BabuS. S., RiemerB. W. and FengZ.: Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on ‘Trends in welding research’, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, June 1998, ASM, 155–160.
21.
RandleV.: ‘Microtexture determination and its applications’; 1992, London, The Institute of Materials.
22.
SchwartzA. J., KumarM. and AdamsB. L.: ‘‘Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science’; 2000, New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
23.
SinclairJ. W., HartwigK. T.Jr, GoforthR. E., KenikE. A. and VoelklE.: in ‘Ultrafine grained materials’, (ed. R. S. Mishra et al.), 393–403; 2000, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
24.
FieldD. P. and WeillandH.: in ‘Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science’, 199–212; 2000, New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
25.
IceG. E. and LarsonB. C.: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2000, 2, 643–646.
26.
LarsonB. C., YangW., IceG. E., BudaiJ. D. and TischlerJ. Z.: Nature, 2002, 415, 887–890.
27.
FengZ., BabuS. S., RiemerB. W., SanteliaM. L., GouldJ. E. and KimchiM.: Weld. Res. Abroad, 2003, 49, 29–35.
28.
DickensonD. W., FranklinJ. E. and StanyaA.: Weld. J., 1980, 59, 170s–176s.
29.
KaiserJ. G., DunnG. J. and EagerT. W.: Weld. J., 1982, 61, 167–174.
30.
SchumacherB. W., CooperJ. C. and DilayW.: ‘Resistance spot welding control that automatically selects the welding schedule’, Technical paper 850407, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, MI, 1985.
31.
FengZ., BabuS. S., SantellaM. L., RiemerB. W. and GouldJ. E.: Proc. Int. Conf. on ‘Modeling of Resistance Spot Welding’, Taipei, Taiwan, Sept 1998, 235–240.
32.
BabuS. S., SantellaM. L., FengZ., RiemerB. W. and CohornJ. W.: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2001, 6, 126–132.
33.
BentleyK. P., GreenwoodJ. A., KnowlsonP. M. and BakerR. G.: Br. Weld. J., 1961, 12, 613–619.
34.
GreenwoodJ. A.: Br. Weld. J., 1963, 6, 316–322.
35.
RiceW. and FunkS. S.: Weld. J., 1967, 46, 175s–186s.
36.
GouldJ. E.: Weld. J., 1987, 66, 1s–10s.
37.
NiedH. A.: Weld. J., 1984, 63, 123s–132s.
38.
TsaiC. L., JammalO. A., PapritanJ. C. and DickinsonD. W.: Weld. J., 1992, 71, 47s–54s.
39.
HuhH. and KangW. J.: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, 63, 672–677.
40.
WeiP. S. and YehF. B.: J. Heat Transfer, 1991, 113, 643–649.
41.
WeiP. S., WangS. C. and LinM. S.: J. Heat Transfer, 1996, 118, 762–773.
42.
FengZ., BabuS. S., SantellaM. L., RiemerB. W. and GouldJ. E.: Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on ‘Trends in welding research’, Pine Mountain, GA, June 1998, ASM, 1–5.
43.
GuptaO. P. and DeA.: J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 1998, 120, (2), 246–251.
44.
SheppardS. D.: Weld. Res. Council Bull., 1990, (356), 34–41.
45.
WilliamsN. T. and ParkerJ. D.: Int. Mater. Rev., 2004, 49, 45–75.
46.
HouchensA. F., PageR. E. and YangW. H.: Proc. ASME Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, USA, November-December 1997, ASEM, 117–129.
47.
DeA., MomeniK., ThaddeusM. P. and DornL.: J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 2006, 128, (3), 668–676.
48.
IonJ. C., EasterlingK. E. and AshbyM. F.: Acta. Metall., 1984, 32, 1949–1962.
49.
LiM. V., DongP. and KimchiM.: Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on ‘Trends in welding research’, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, June 1998, ASM, 155–160.
50.
FeulvarchE., RogeonP., CarreP., RobinV., SibiliaG. and BergheauJ. M.: Numer. Heat Transfer A, 2006, 49A, 345–367.
51.
GreenwoodG. W. and JohnsonR. H.: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 1965, 283A, 403–422.
52.
HenryssonH. F., AbdulwahabF., JosefsonB. L. and FermerM.: Weld. World, 1999, 43, 55–63.
53.
LindhD. V. and TocherJ. R.: Weld. J., 1967, 46, 351s–360s.
54.
LiM. V., DongP. and KimchiM.: Proc. Sheet Metal Welding Conf., Detroit, MI, USA, October 1998, AWS, 5–6.
55.
LongX. and KhannaS. K.: J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 2003, 125, 222–226.
