Surface textured Si doped TiCN coatings were synthesised on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by laser cladding technique. Phase constituent examination by X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of similar phases of TiC0.2N0.8 and Ti5Si4 within all coated samples. Laser coated samples presented much higher surface free energy compared to Ti–6Al–4V control due to the textured structure, which in turn demonstrated a better wettability and improved biomineralisation. Variation of silica content presented no significant influence on surface free energy, indicating that the silica content can be varied in a large range. The mineralised samples obtained after immersion in simulated body fluid were characterised to understand the mechanism and kinetics of Ca–P precipitation. The results confirmed that the precipitation kinetics of Ca–P was influenced by the substitution of silica.
GeethaM, SingthAK, AsokamaniR and GogiaAK: ‘Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopedic implants – a review’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2009, 54, 397– 425.
2.
LeeTM, ChangE, YangCY and TsaiRS.: ‘Comparison of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings and zirconia-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings: In vivo study’, Biomaterials, 2004, 25, 23–32.
3.
HenchLL: ‘Bioactive ceramics’, in ‘Bioceramics: materials characterization versus in vivo behavior’ (ed. P. Ducheyne and J. E. Lemons), Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1998, 523, 54–71.
4.
CampbellAA: ‘Bioceramics for implant coatings’, Mater. Today, 2003, 6, 26–30.
5.
JastyM: ‘Clinical reviews: particulate debris and failure of total hip replacements’, J. Appl. Biomater., 1993, 4, 273–276.
6.
EdidinAA, RimnacCM, GoldbergVM and KurtzSM: ‘Mechanical behavior, wear surface morphology, and clinical performance of UHMWPE acetabular components after 10 years of implantation’, Wear, 2001, 250, 152–158.
7.
KolaPV, DanielsS, CameronDC and HashmiMSJ: ‘Magnetron sputtering of TiN protective coatings for medical applications’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1996, 56, 422–430.
8.
DionI, RoquesX and MoreN: ‘Ex viro leucocyte adhesion and protein adsorption on TiN’, Biomaterials, 1993, 14, 712–719.
9.
FengHP, HsuCH, LuJK and ShyYH: ‘Effects of PVD sputtered coatings on the corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 347A, 123–129.
10.
SerroAP, CompletoC, ColacoR, dos SantosF, da SilvaCL, CabralJMS, ArûjoH, PiresE and SaramagoB: A comparative study of titanium nitrides, TiN, TiNbN and TiCN, as coatings for biomedical applications’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, 3701–3707.
11.
HollsteinF and LoudaP: ‘Bio-compatible low reflective coatings for surgical tools using reactive D.C.–magnetron sputtering and arc evaporation – a comparison regarding steam sterilization resistance and nickel diffusion’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1999, 120–121, 672–681.
12.
AntunesRA, RodasACD, LimaNB, HigaOZ and CostaI: ‘Study of the corrosion resistance and in vitro biocompatibility of PVD TiCN-coated AISI 316 L austenitic stainless steel for orthopedic applications’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, 2074–2081.
13.
ShtanskyDV, GloushankovaNA, BashkovaIA, KharitonovaMA, MoizhessTG, SheveikoAN, Kirykhanstev-KorneevFV, PetrzhikMI and LevashovEA: ‘Multifunctional Ti–(Ca, Zr) – (C, N, O, P) films for load-bearing implants’, Biomaterials, 2006, 27, 3519–3531.
14.
TanizawaY and SuzukiT: ‘Effect of silicate ions on the formation and transformation of calcium phosphates in neutral aqueous solutions’, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1995, 91, 3499–3503.
15.
DamenJ and Ten CateJ: ‘Silica-induced precipitation of calcium phosphate in the presence of inhibitors of hydroxyapatite formation’, J. Dent. Res., 1992, 71, 453–457.
16.
PatelN, BestSM, BonfieldW, GibsonIR, HingKA, DamrenE and ReveliPA: ‘A comparative study on the in vivo behaviour of hydroxyapatite and silicon substituted hydroxyapatite granules’, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2005, 13, 1199–1206.
17.
ReffittDM, OgstonN, JugdaoshsinghR, CheungHFJ, EvansBAJ, ThompsonRPH, PowellJJ and HampsonGN: ‘Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human Osteoblast-like cells in vitro’, Bone, 2003, 32, 127–135.
WeiRH: ‘Plasma enhanced magnetron sputter deposition of Ti–Si–C–N based nanocomposite coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 203, 538–544.
24.
LiSZ, ShiYL and PengHR: ‘Ti–Si–N films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition’, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 1992, 12, 287–297.
25.
Van OssCJ, GoodRJ and ChaudhuryMK: ‘Additive and non-additive surface tension components and the interpretation of contact angles’, Langmuir, 1988, 4, 884–891.
26.
VamsiKB, XueWC, BoseS and AmitB: ‘Functionally graded Co–Cr–Mo coating on Ti–6Al–4V alloy structures’, Acta Biomater., 2008, 4, 697–706.
27.
XueW, BallaVK, BandyopadhyayA and BoseS: ‘Processing and biocompatibility evaluation of laser processed porous titanium’, Acta Biomater., 2007, 3, 1007–1018.
28.
BallaVK, DuteilP, CellosDV, XueWC, BoseS and BandyopadhyayA: ‘Fabrication of compositionally and structurally graded Ti–TiO2 structures using laser engineered net shaping (LENS)’, Acta Biomater., 2009, 5, 1831–1837.
29.
ZubairMA and LeachC: ‘The effect of SiO2 addition on the development of low-Σ grain boundaries in PTC thermistors’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2010, 30, 107–112.
30.
ChibowskiE: ‘Surface free energy of a solid from contact angle hysteresis’, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2003, 103, 149–172.
31.
PorterA: ‘Nanoscale characterization of the interface between bone and hydroxyapatite implants and the effect of silicon on bone apposition’, Micron, 2006, 37, 681–688.
32.
PietakA and SayerM: ‘Thermo luminescence in Si substituted hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate’, J. Mater. Sci., 2006, 41, 5025–5028.
33.
SayerM, StratilatovA, ReidJ, CalderinL, StottM and YinX: ‘Structure and composition of silicon stabilized tricalcium phosphate’, Biomaterials, 2002, 24, 369–382.
34.
VandiverJ, DeanD, PaterN, BotelhoC, BestS and SantosJ: ‘Silicon addition to hydroxyapatite increases nanoscale electrostatic van der Waals and adhesive interactions’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2005, 78A, 352–363.
35.
TuckL, AstalaR, ReidJW, SayerM and StottMJ: ‘Dissolution and recrystallization processes in multiphase silicon stabilized tricalcium phosphate’, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2008, 19, 917–927.
36.
PietakA: ‘The role of silicon on Si–TCP bioceramics: a material and biological characterization’, PhD thesis, Queen's University Kinston, Ont. Canada, 2004.
37.
ZhangP, ZhangZG, LiW and ZhuM: ‘Effect of Ti–OH groups on microstructure and bioactivity of TiO2 coating prepared by micro-arc oxidation’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 268, 381–386.
38.
PaitalSR and DahotreNB: ‘Wettability and kinetics of hydroxyapatite precipitation on a laser-textured Ca–P bioceramic coating’, Acta Biomater., 2009, 5, 2763–2772.
39.
CanhamL, NeweyJ and ReeresC: ‘The effects for DC electric currents on the in vitro calcification of bioactive silicon wafers’, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 847–849.
40.
MiyaiF, IwaiM and KokuboT: ‘Chemical surface treatment of silicon for inducing its bioactivity’, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1998, 9, 61–65.
