Abstract
In the present paper, the nanoindentation theory proposed in Ref. 1 is extended to nanoscratching, considering different sizes and shapes of a nanosized indenter/scratcher penetrating into a plastic material. The finding can explain the observed scaling of the mean pressure or specific energy for scratching; such a quantity is seen as ‘lateral hardness’, allowing one to unify nanoindentation and nanoscratching as different aspects of the same nanotribology. The scratching resistance and hardness are then discussed as a function of the penetration velocity. Finally, new experiments of nanoindentation, using an atomic force microscope coupled technique for indentation and imaging, of a complex and anisotropic metallic–organic framework pulverised material are reported and discussed, quantifying the role of the nanohardness, Young's modulus, pile-up and nanoscratching resistance.
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