The processing of nanomaterials and nanocomposites has advanced since the 1990s. The growth and opportunities afforded by this technological domain is evident through the trends of research and development (R&D) funding, Science Citation Index (SCI) publications, and patent applications presented in this paper. This article reviews the current state for the development of thermal sprayed nanocomposite coatings. The types of nanocomposite thermal spray feedstock materials that are available commercially, as well as those currently in the development phase, are critically assessed. The thermal spray approaches to deposit nanocomposite coatings are discussed, including the conventional plasma spray and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) processes and the more recently developed cold spray, suspension thermal spray (STS), and solution precursor thermal spray (SPTS) processes. These processes are assessed in relation to their deposition mechanisms and the specific nanocomposite materials associated with each technique. The unique microstructure of the coatings deposited by each method is highlighted in relation to process and compositional control. The exceptional attributes of nanocomposite coatings, such as mechanical strength and toughness, wear resistance, thermophysical, and electrical properties, are also presented together with specific applications.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
FeynmanR: ‘There's plenty of room at the bottom’, Caltech Eng. Sci., 1960, 23, (5), 22–36.
2.
DrexlerKE: ‘Engines of creation: the coming era of nanotechnology’; 1986, New York, Anchor Books.
KrotoHWHeathJRO'BrienSCCurlRF and SmalleyRE: ‘C60: Buckminsterfullerene’, Nature, 1985, 318, (6042), 162–163.
5.
RocoMC: ‘National nanotechnology institute – past, present, future’, in ‘Handbook on nanoscience, engineering and technology’, (eds. W. A. Goddard III, et al.), 2nd edn, 3·1–3·26; 2007, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
6.
RocoM CMirkinC A and HersamM C eds: ‘WTEC Panel Report on Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook’, World Technology Evaluation Center, Inc, 2010.
European Commission: Commission Recommendation of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial text with EEA relevance, Official Journal of the European Union, Editor, Brussels; 38–40; 2011.
9.
CulbertsonJMLampreyH and RipleyRL: Union Carbide Corporation: ‘Ultrafine Titanium Boride’, US Patent, 3,244,482, 1966.
10.
KongPC and PfenderE: ‘Formation of ultrafine β-silicon carbide powders in an argon thermal plasma jet’, Langmuir, 1987, 3, (2), 259–265.
11.
ZhaoGYRevankarVVS and HlavacekV: ‘Preparation of tungsten and tungsten carbide submicron powders in a chlorine-hydrogen flame by the chemical vapor phase reaction’, J. Less Common Met., 1990, 163, (2), 269–280.
12.
AshbyMFFerreiraP and SchodekDL: ‘Nanomaterials, nanotechnologies and design: an introduction for engineers and architects’; 2009, Burlington, MA, Elsevier Ltd.
13.
GaoFWangYShiDZhangJWangMJingXHumphry-BakerRWangPZakeeruddinSM and GrätzelM: ‘Enhance the optical absorptivity of nanocrystalline TiO2 film with high molar extinction coefficient ruthenium sensitizers for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, (32), 10720–10728.
14.
ZhuJYuZBurkhartGFHsuCMConnorSTXuYWangQMcGeheeMFanS and CuiY: ‘Optical absorption enhancement in amorphous silicon nanowire and nanocone arrays’, Nano Lett., 2009, 9, (1), 279–282.
15.
CheJǡginT and GoddardWAIII: ‘Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes’, Nanotechnology, 2000, 11, (2), 65–69.
16.
XieHWangJXiTLiuYAiF and WuQ: ‘Thermal conductivity enhancement of suspensions containing nanosized alumina particles’, J. Appl. Phys., 2002, 91, (7), 4568–4572.
17.
EbrahimiFBourneGRKellyMS and MatthewsTE: ‘Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline nickel produced by electrodeposition’, Nanostruct. Mater., 1999, 11, (3), 343–350.
18.
QianDWagnerGJLiuWKYuMF and RuoffRS: ‘Mechanics of carbon nanotubes’, Appl. Mech. Rev., 2002, 55, (6), 495–532.
19.
TanakaTMontanariGC and MülhauptR: ‘Polymer nanocomposites as dielectrics and electrical insulation-perspectives for processing technologies, material characterization and future applications’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2004, 11, (5), 763–784.
20.
GojnyFHWichmannMHGFiedlerBBauhoferW and SchulteK: ‘Influence of nano-modification on the mechanical and electrical properties of conventional fibre-reinforced composites’, Composites Part A, 2005, 36, (11), 1525–1535.
21.
McHenryME and LaughlinDE: ‘Nano-scale materials development for future magnetic applications’, Acta Mater., 2000, 48, (1), 223–238.
22.
JunYWSeoJW and CheonJ: ‘Nanoscaling laws of magnetic nanoparticles and their applicabilities in biomedical sciences’, Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, (2), 179–189.
23.
RodunerE: ‘Physics and chemistry of nanostructures: why nano is different’, in ‘Nanosciences and nanotechnologies’, (ed. M. V. Kovalchuk), 2009, Oxford, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Publisher.
24.
United States National Nanotechnology Initiative. ‘Nanotechnology glossary’; 2013 [viewed 2013 July 25]; Available at http://www.nano.gov/
25.
BraunPV: ‘Natural nanobiocomposites, biomimetic nanocomposites, and biologically inspired nanocomposites’, in ‘Nanocomposite science and technology’, (eds. P. M. Ajayan et al.), 155–214; 2004, Weinheim, Germany, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
BaurJ and SilvermanE: ‘Challenges and opportunities in multifunctional nanocomposite structures for aerospace applications’, MRS Bull., 2007, 32, (4), 328–334.
28.
HongCHLeeYBBaeJWJhoJYNamBU and HwangTW: ‘Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites for automotive parts application’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2005, 98, (1), 427–433.
29.
CorrSARakovichYP and KoYK: ‘Multifunctional magnetic-fuorescent nanocomposites for biomedical applications’, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2008, 3, (3), 87–104.
30.
GoldbergMLangerR and JiaX: ‘Nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering’, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed., 2007, 18, (3), 241–268.
31.
LiCThostensonET and ChouTW: ‘Sensors and actuators based on carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review’, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2008, 68, (6), 1227–1249.
32.
SuDS and SchlöglR: ‘Nanostructured carbon and carbon nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage applications’, ChemSusChem, 2010, 3, (2), 136–168.
33.
WangQ and ZhuL: ‘Polymer nanocomposites for electrical energy storage’, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 2011, 49, (20), 1421–1429.
34.
SorrentinoAGorrasiG and VittoriaV: ‘Potential perspectives of bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications’, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2007, 18, (2), 84–95.
35.
GowriSAlmeidaLAmorimTCarneiroNSoutoAP and EstevesMF: ‘Polymer Nanocomposites for multifunctional finishing of textiles – a review’, Text. Res. J., 2010, 80, (13), 1290–1306.
36.
ZhangSWangHLOngSESunD and BuiXL: ‘Hard yet tough nanocomposite coatings – present status and future trends’, Plasma Processes Polym., 2007, 4, (3), 219–228.
37.
VeprekS and Veprek-HeijmanMJG: ‘Industrial applications of superhard nanocomposite coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (21), 5063–5073.
38.
BeecroftLL and OberCK: ‘Nanocomposite materials for optical applications’, Chem. Mater., 1997, 9, (6), 1302–1317.
39.
LiG and GrayKA: ‘The solid-solid interface: explaining the high and unique photocatalytic reactivity of TiO2-based nanocomposite materials’, Chem. Phys., 2007, 339, (1–3), 173–187.
40.
ViswanathanVLahaTBalaniKAgarwalA and SealS: ‘Challenges and advances in nanocomposite processing techniques’, Mater. Sci. Eng., R, 2006, 54, (5–6), 121–285.
41.
MartinPJBendavidACairneyJM and HoffmanM: ‘Nanocomposite Ti–Si–N, Zr–Si–N, Ti–Al–Si–N, Ti–Al–V–Si–N thin film coatings deposited by vacuum arc deposition’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 200, (7), 2228–2235.
42.
BakerMAKloseSRebholzCLeylandA and MatthewsA: ‘Evaluating the microstructure and performance of nanocomposite PVD TiAlBN coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2002, 15, (1–152), 338–343.
43.
BubbDMMcGillRAHorwitzJSFitz-GeraldJMHouserEJStroudRMWuPWRingeisenBRPiquéA and ChriseyDB: ‘Laser-based processing of polymer nanocomposites for chemical sensing applications’, J. Appl. Phys., 2001, 89, (10), 5739–5746.
44.
MusilJ and VlčekJ: ‘Magnetron sputtering of hard nanocomposite coatings and their properties’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 142–144, 557–566.
45.
ZhangHSEndrinoJL and AndersA: ‘Comparative surface and nano-tribological characteristics of nanocomposite diamond-like carbon thin films doped by silver’,Appl. Surf. Sci, 2008, 255, (5 Part 2), 2551–2556.
46.
SchadlerLSLaulKOSmithRW and PetrovicovaE: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of thermally sprayed silica/nylon nanocomposites’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1997, 6, (4), 475–485.
47.
KarvánkováPVepřek-HeijmanMGJZawrahMF and VepřekS: ‘Thermal stability of nc-TiN/a-BN/a-TiB2 nanocomposite coatings deposited by plasma chemical vapor deposition’, Thin Solid Films, 2004, 467, (1–2), 133–139.
48.
LowCTJWillsRGA and WalshFC: ‘Electrodeposition of composite coatings containing nanoparticles in a metal deposit’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (1–2), 371–383.
49.
SellingerAWeissPMNguyenALuYAssinkRAGongW and BrinkerCJ: ‘Continuous self-assembly of organic-inorganic nanocomposite coatings that mimic nacre’, Nature, 1998, 394, (6690), 256–260.
50.
JiangP and McFarlandMJ: ‘Large-scale fabrication of wafer-size colloidal crystals, macroporous polymers and nanocomposites by spin-coating’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, (42), 13778–13786.
51.
CasulaMFCorriasAFalquiASerinVGatteschiDSangregorioCDe Julián FernándezC and BattaglinG: ‘Characterization of FeCo-SiO2 nanocomposite films prepared by sol-gel dip coating’, Chem. Mater., 2003, 15, (11), 2201–2207.
52.
DavisJ R (ed.): ‘Handbook of thermal spray technology’; 2005, Materials Park, OH, USA, ASM International.
53.
PawlowskiL: ‘The science and engineering of thermal spray coatings’; 2008, England, UK, John Wiley & Sons.
54.
DillonHP: Union Carbide Corporation: ‘high temperature coatings’, US Patent, 3,091,548, 1963.
55.
StecuraS and LeibertCH: The United States of America as represented by the administrator of the national aeronautics and space administration: ‘thermal barrier coating system’, US Patent, 4,055,705, 1976.
AdamovicE: Sheritt Gordon Mines Limited: ‘Composite powders sprayable to form abradable seal coatings’, US Patent, 4,291,089, 1981.
58.
WestfallLJ: The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: ‘Arc spray fabrication of metal matrix composite monotape’, US Patent, 4,518,625, 1985.
59.
SteffensHD and KaczmarekR: ‘Metal matrix composites made by thermal spraying’, Powder Metall. Int., 1991, 23, (2), 105–107.
60.
LegouxJG and DallaireS: ‘Copper-titanium diboride coatings obtained by plasma spraying reactive micropellets’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1993, 2, (3), 283–286.
61.
TiwariRHermanH and SampathS: ‘Vacuum plasma spraying of MoSi2 and its composites’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1992, 155, (1–2), 95–100.
62.
KucukALimaRS and BerndtCC: ‘Composite coatings of Si3N4-soda lime silica produced by the thermal spray process’, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2000, 9, (6), 603–608.
63.
SunLBerndtCC and GrossKA: ‘Hydroyapatite/polymer composite flame-sprayed coatings for orthopedic applications’, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed., 2002, 13, (9), 977–990.
64.
YanFYGrossKASimonGP and BerndtCC: ‘Mechanical and erosion properties of CaCO3-EMAA thermal sprayed coatings’, Polym. Eng. Sci., 2004, 44, (8), 1448–1459.
65.
TanakaMNiwanoKMinatoT and OkaY: Tateho Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha: ‘Spraying materials containing ceramic needle fiber and composite materials spray-coated with such spraying materials’, US Patent, 4,594,106, 1986.
66.
IwamotoNUmesakiNEndoS and MorimuraT: ‘Characterization of plasma-sprayed and whisker-reinforced alumina coatings’, J. Mater. Sci., 1987, 22, (3), 1113–1119.
67.
BerndtCC and YiJH: ‘The manufacture and microstructure of fiber-reinforced thermally sprayed coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1989, 37, (1), 89–110.
68.
MattoxDM: ‘Handbook of physical vapor deposition (PVD) processing’; 1998, Westwood, NJ, USA, Noyes Publication.
69.
ChoyKL: ‘Chemical vapour deposition of coatings’, Prog. Mater Sci., 2003, 48, (2), 57–170.
70.
Von NiessenKGindratM and RefkeA: ‘Vapor phase deposition using plasma spray-PVDTM, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 502–509.
BrinkerCJHurdAJSchunkPRFryeGC and AshleyCS: ‘Review of sol-gel thin film formation’,J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1992, 147–148, (C), 424–436.
74.
KhorKALiH and CheangP: ‘Significance of melt-fraction in HVOF sprayed hydroxyapatite particles, splats and coatings’, Biomaterials, 2004, 25, (7–8), 1177–1186.
75.
FauchaisPMontavonGLimaRS and MarpleBR: ‘Engineering a new class of thermal spray nano-based microstructures from agglomerated nanostructured particles, suspensions and solutions: an invited review’, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2011, 44(9), 093001 (53pp).
76.
StruttPRKearBH and BolandRF: University of Connecticut and Rutgers and The State University of New Jersey: ‘Method of manufacture of nanostructured feeds’, US Patent, 6,025,034, 2000.
77.
BerndtCC: ‘Material production processes’, in ‘Handbook of thermal spray technology’, (ed. J. R. Davis), 147–158; 2005, Materials Park, OH, USA, ASM International.
78.
CheangPKasinathRK and KhorKA: Nanyang Technological University: ‘Spherical nano-composite powder and a method of preparing the same’, WIPO Patent, WO 2004/011050 A1, 2004.
79.
LimaRS and MarpleBR: ‘Thermal spray coatings engineered from nanostructured ceramic agglomerated powders for structural, thermal barrier and biomedical applications: a review’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, (1), 40–63.
80.
ShermanAJ and BoseA: Powdermet Inc.: ‘Method of producing fine coated tungsten carbide particles’, US Patent, 6,641,918 B1, 2003.
81.
ShermanAJ: Powdermet Inc.: ‘Heterogeneous composite bodies with isolated lenticular shaped cermet regions’, US Patent, 7,635,515 B1, 2009.
82.
KumarRCheangP and KhorKA: ‘Radio frequency (RF) suspension plasma sprayed ultra-fine hydroxyapatite (HA)/zirconia composite powders’, Biomaterials, 2003, 24, (15), 2611–2621.
BalaniKZhangTKarakotiALiWZSealS and AgarwalA: ‘In Situ carbon nanotube reinforcements in a plasma-sprayed aluminum oxide nanocomposite coating’, Acta Mater., 2008, 56, (3), 571–579.
85.
BalaniKBakshiSRChenYLahaT and AgarwalA: ‘Role of powder treatment and carbon nanotube dispersion in the fracture toughening of plasma-sprayed aluminum oxide – carbon nanotube nanocomposite’, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2007, 7, (10), 3553–3562.
86.
LiYMaYXieBCaoS and WuZ: ‘Dry friction and wear behavior of flame-sprayed polyamide1010/n-SiO2 composite coatings’, Wear, 2007, 262, (9–10), 1232–1238.
87.
LimaR.S.DimitrievskaS.BureauM.N.MarpleB.R.PetitA.MwaleF. and AntoniouJ.: ‘HVOF-sprayed nano TiO2-HA coatings exhibiting enhanced biocompatibility’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 336–343.
88.
MuotoCKJordanEHGellM and AindowM: ‘Phase homogeneity in MgO-ZrO2 nanocomposites synthesized by a combined Sol-Gel/thermal decomposition route’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2010, 93, (10), 3102–3109.
89.
WangJJordanEH and GellM: ‘Plasma sprayed dense MgO-Y2O3 nanocomposite coatings using Sol-Gel combustion synthesized powder’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (5), 873–878.
90.
JiansirisomboonSMacKenzieKJDRobertsSG and GrantPS: ‘Low pressure plasma- sprayed Al2O3 and Al2O3/SiC nanocomposite coatings from different feedstock powders’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2003, 23, (6), 961–976.
91.
SeegopaulPNanodyne Incorporated: ‘Multi-step process to incorporate grain growth inhibitors in WC-Co composite’, US Patent, 5,885,372, 1999.
92.
XiaoDTStrockCWWangDMStruttPRInframat Corporation: ‘Grain growth inhibitor for nanostructured materials’, US Patent, 6,287,714 B1, 2001.
93.
XiaoDTStrockCWWangDMStruttPRInframat Corporation: ‘Grain growth inhibitor for superfine materials’, US Patent, 6,277,774 B1, 2001.
94.
UrevichDJ and HughesJPConcept AlloysL.L.C.: ‘Multiplex composite powder used in a core for thermal spraying and welding, its method of manufacture and use’, US Patent, 6,428,596 B1, 2002.
95.
HughesJP and UrevichDJConcept AlloysL.L.C.: ‘Thermal spray apparatus and method having a wire electrode with core of multiplex composite powder its method of manufacture and use’, US Patent, 6,513,728 B1, 2003.
96.
GeorgievaPThorpeRYanskiA and SealS: ‘A novel nano-composite wire material: the low cost and enhanced properties coating design’, Thermal Spray 2006: Building on 100 Years of Success, May 15–18, 745–750; 2006, Seattle, WA, ASM International.
97.
MaXWangMXiaoTDInframat Corporation: ‘Superfine/nanostructured cored wires for thermal spray applications and methods of making’, US Patent, 2008/0093350 A1, 2008.
98.
GitzhoferF.BouyerE.BoulosM.I.Universite de Sherbrooke: ‘Suspension plasma spray’, US Patent, 5,609,921, 1997.
TikkanenJEerolaMPitkaenenV and RajalaM: ‘Process and device for spraying materials (Menetelmä ja laite materiaalin ruiskuttamiseksi)’, Finnish Patent, FI 98832B, 1997.
101.
KarthikeyanJBerndtCCTikkanenJReddyS and HermanH: ‘Plasma spray synthesis of nanomaterial powders and deposits’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1997, 238, (2), 275–286.
102.
KarthikeyanJBerndtCCReddySWangJYKingAH and HermanH: ‘Nanomaterial deposits formed by DC plasma spraying of liquid feedstocks’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1998, 81, (1), 121–128.
103.
PawlowskiL: ‘Finely grained nanometric and submicrometric coatings by thermal spraying: a review’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (18), 4318–4328.
FauchaisPEtchart-SalasRRatVCoudertJFCaronN and Wittmann-TénèzeK: ‘Parameters controlling liquid plasma spraying: solutions, Sols, or Suspensions’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (1), 31–59.
106.
ShawDJ: ‘Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry’, 306; 1992, Burlington, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann.
107.
LeeYS: ‘Intermolecular and colloidal forces’, in ‘Self-assembly and nanotechnology – a force balance approach’, 21-46; 2008, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
108.
TarasiFMedrajMDolatabadiAOberste-BerghausJ and MoreauC: ‘Phase formation and transformation in alumina/YSZ nanocomposite coating deposited by suspension plasma spray process’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (4), 787–795.
109.
TingaudOBertrandP and BertrandG: ‘Microstructure and tribological behavior of suspension plasma sprayed Al2O3 and Al2O3-YSZ composite coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, (4), 1004–1008.
110.
GreenwoodR and KendallK: ‘Selection of suitable dispersants for aqueous suspensions of zirconia and titania powders using acoustophoresis’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1999, 19, (4), 479–488.
111.
HanaorDMichelazziMLeonelliC and SorrellCC: ‘The effects of carboxylic acids on the aqueous dispersion and electrophoretic deposition of ZrO2’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2012, 32, (1), 235–244.
112.
AnderssonKM and BergströmL: ‘Aqueous processing of WC-Co powders: suspension preparation and granule properties’, Ceram. Trans., 2004, 152, 93–107.
113.
Oberste BerghausJMarpleB and MoreauC: ‘Suspension plasma spraying of nanostructured WC-12Co coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, (4), 676–681.
114.
ChenZTriceRWBesserMYangX and SordeletD: ‘Air-plasma spraying colloidal solutions of nanosized ceramic powders’, J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39, (13), 4171–4178.
115.
SiegertR: ‘A novel process for the liquid feedstock plasma spray of ceramic coatings with nanostructural features’, PhD thesis, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, 2005.
ChenDJordanEH and GellM: ‘Effect of solution concentration on splat formation and coating microstructure using the solution precursor plasma spray process’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (10), 2132–2138.
118.
HurevichVSmurovI and PawlowskiL: ‘Theoretical study of the powder behavior of porous particles in a flame during plasma spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2002, 151–152, 370–376.
119.
LimaRS and MarpleBR: ‘Nanostructured YSZ thermal barrier coatings engineered to counteract sintering effects’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2008, 485, (1–2), 182–193.
120.
LimaRSKucukA and BerndtCC: ‘Bimodal distribution of mechanical properties on plasma sprayed nanostructured partially stabilized zirconia’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2002, 327, (2), 224–232.
121.
SongEPAhnJLeeS and KimNJ: ‘Microstructure and wear resistance of nanostructured Al2O3–8wt.%TiO2 coatings plasma-sprayed with nanopowders’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (3–4), 1309–1315.
122.
LimaRSKucukA and BerndtCC: ‘Integrity of nanostructured partially stabilized zirconia after plasma spray processing’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2001, 313, (1–2), 75–82.
123.
JordanEHGellMSohnYHGobermanDShawLJiangSWangMXiaoTDWangY and StruttP: ‘Fabrication and evaluation of plasma sprayed nanostructured alumina-titania coatings with superior properties’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2001, 301, (1), 80–89.
124.
GellMJordanEHSohnYHGobermanDShawL and XiaoTD: ‘Development and implementation of plasma sprayed nanostructured ceramic coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 14, (6–147), 48–54.
125.
GobermanDSohnYHShawLJordanE and GellM: ‘Microstructure development of Al2O3–13wt.%TiO2 plasma sprayed coatings derived from nanocrystalline powders’, Acta Mater., 2002, 50, (5), 1141–1152.
126.
FauchaisP and MontavonG: ‘Thermal and cold spray: recent developments’, Key Eng. Mater., 2008, 384, 1–59.
127.
GilmoreDLDykhuizenRCNeiserRARoemerTJ and SmithMF: ‘Particle velocity and deposition efficiency in the cold spray process’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1999, 8, (4), 576–582.
128.
GärtnerFStoltenhoffTSchmidtT and KreyeH: ‘The cold spray process and its potential for industrial applications’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, (2), 223–232.
KimJSKwonYSLomovskyOIDudinaDVKosarevVFKlinkovSVKwonDH and SmurovI: ‘Cold spraying of in situ produced TiB2-Cu nanocomposite powders’, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2007, 67, (11–12), 2292–2296.
131.
LiuYWangYYYangGJFengJJ and KusumotoK: ‘Effect of nano-sized TiN additions on the electrical properties of vacuum cold sprayed SiC coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (6), 1238–1243.
132.
LuoXT and LiCJ: ‘Thermal stability of microstructure and hardness of cold-sprayed cBN/NiCrAl nanocomposite coating’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, (3–4), 578–585.
133.
LimaRSKarthikeyanJKayCMLindemannJ and BerndtCC: ‘Microstructural characteristics of cold-sprayed nanostructured WC-Co coatings’, Thin Solid Films, 2002, 416, (1–2), 129–135.
134.
YandouziMBuHBrochuM and JodoinB: ‘Nanostructured Al-based metal matrix composite coating production by pulsed gas dynamic spraying process’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, (3–4), 609–619.
135.
KimHJLeeCH and HwangSY: ‘Fabrication of WC-Co coatings by cold spray deposition’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 191, (2–3), 335–340.
136.
KimHJLeeCH and HwangSY: ‘Superhard nano WC-12%Co coating by cold spray deposition’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2005, 391, (1–2), 243–248.
137.
AngASMBerndtCC and CheangP: ‘Deposition effects of WC particle size on cold sprayed WC-Co coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, (10), 3260–3267.
138.
BakshiSRSinghVBalaniKMcCartneyDGSealS and AgarwalA: ‘Carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composite coating via cold spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (21), 5162–5169.
VasilievALPadtureNP and MaX: ‘Coatings of metastable ceramics deposited by solution-precursor plasma spray: I. Binary ZrO2–Al2O3 system’, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, (18), 4913–4920.
141.
MarchandCVardelleAMariauxG and LefortP: ‘Modelling of the plasma spray process with liquid feedstock injection’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (18), 4458–4464.
142.
BasuSJordanEH and CetegenBM: ‘Fluid mechanics and heat transfer of liquid precursor droplets injected into high-temperature plasmas’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (1), 60–72.
143.
BasuS and CetegenBM: ‘Modeling of thermo-physical processes in liquid ceramic precursor droplets injected into a plasma jet’, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2007, 50, (17–18), 3278–3290.
144.
MuotoCKJordanEHGellM and AindowM: ‘Microstructural characteristics of Y2O3-MgO composite coatings deposited by suspension plasma spray’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, (6), 1309–1321.
145.
GadowRKernF and KillingerA: ‘Manufacturing technologies for nanocomposite ceramic structural materials and coatings’, Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 2008, 148, (1–3), 58–64.
146.
ChenDJordanEH and GellM: ‘Suspension plasma sprayed composite coating using amorphous powder feedstock’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 255, (11), 5935–5938.
147.
VanEveryKKraneMJM and TriceRW: ‘Parametric study of suspension plasma spray processing parameters on coating microstructures manufactured from nanoscale yttria-stabilized zirconia’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206, (8–9), 2464–2473.
148.
TarasiFMedrajMDolatabadiAOberste-BerghausJ and MoreauC: ‘Effective parameters in axial injection suspension plasma spray process of alumina-zirconia ceramics’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (5–6), 685–691.
149.
MichauxPMontavonGGrimaudADenoirjeanA and FauchaisP: ‘Elaboration of porous NiO/8YSZ layers by several SPS and SPPS routes’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 317–327.
150.
HaddadiAHamachaRGrimaudAFauchaisP and NardouF: ‘Residual stresses and microstructure of plasma sprayed zirconia coatings’, High Temp. Mater. Processes, 1998, 2, (3), 327–337.
151.
BhatiaTOzturkAXieLJordanEHCetegenBMGellMMaX and PadtureNP: ‘mechanisms of ceramic coating deposition in solution-precursor plasma spray’, J. Mater. Res., 2002, 17, (9), 2363–2372.
152.
PadtureNPSchlichtingKWBhatiaTOzturkACetegenBJordanEHGellMJiangSXiaoTDStruttPRGarcíaEMiranzoP and OsendiMI: ‘Towards durable thermal barrier coatings with novel microstructures deposited by solution-precursor plasma spray’, Acta Mater., 2001, 49, (12), 2251–2257.
153.
XieLMaXJordanEHPadtureNPXiaoDT and GellM: ‘Identification of coating deposition mechanisms in the solution-precursor plasma-spray process using model spray experiments’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2003, 362, (1–2), 204–212.
154.
XieLMaXJordanEHPadtureNPXiaoDT and GellM: ‘Deposition of thermal barrier coatings using the solution precursor plasma spray process’, J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39, (5), 1639–1646.
155.
JayanthiGVZhangSC and MessingGL: ‘Modeling of solid particle formation furing solution aerosol thermolysis: the evaporation stage’, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 1993, 19, (4), 478–490.
156.
GovindarajanSDusaneRO and JoshiSV: ‘In situ particle generation and splat formation during solution precursor plasma spraying of yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2011, 94, (12), 4191–4199.
157.
JordanEHXieLMaXGellMPadtureNPCetegenBOzturkARothJXiaoTD and BryantPEC: ‘Superior thermal barrier coatings using solution precursor plasma spray’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2004, 13, (1), 57–65.
158.
Oberste BerghausJLegouxJGMoreauCTarasiF and ChráskaT: ‘Mechanical and thermal transport properties of suspension thermal-sprayed alumina-zirconia composite coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (1), 91–104.
159.
SemenovSY and CetegenBM: ‘Experiments and modeling of the deposition of nano-structured alumina-titania coatings by detonation waves’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2002, 335, (1–2), 67–81.
160.
CetegenBMSemenovSY and GobermanD: ‘Deposition of multi-layered alumina-titania coatings by detonation waves’, Scr. Mater., 2003, 48, (10), 1483–1488.
161.
LimNSDasSParkSYKimMC and ParkCG: ‘Fabrication and microstructural characterization of nano-structured WC/Co coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, (2), 430–435.
162.
BranaganDJBreitsameterMMeachamBE and BelashchenkoV: ‘High-performance nanoscale composite coatings for boiler applications’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14, (2), 196–204.
163.
BobzinKErnstFZwickJSchlaeferTCookDNassensteinKSchwenkASchreiberFWenzTFloresG and HahnM: ‘Coating bores of light metal engine blocks with a nanocomposite material using the plasma transferred wire Arc thermal spray process’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (3), 344–351.
164.
ZhouJWalleserJKMeachamBE and BranaganDJ: ‘Novel in situ transformable coating for elevated-temperature applications’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (5), 950–957.
165.
TuipraeMWirojanupatumpS and JiansirisomboonS: ‘Characteristics of in-flight particles and splats thermally sprayed by using conventional and nano-composite cored wires’, Adv. Mater. Res., 2011, 160–162, 1724–1731.
166.
AskandaraniAHashmiMSJ and YilbasBS: ‘Arc spraying of nanostructured wires on steel surfaces: influence of coating thickness on microstructure and fracture toughness’, Adv. Mater. Res., 2012, 445, 803–808.
167.
LimaRSMoreauC and MarpleBR: ‘HVOF-sprayed coatings engineered from mixtures of nanostructured and submicron Al2O3-TiO2 powders: an enhanced wear performance’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, (5–6), 866–872.
168.
AhnJHwangBSongEPLeeS and KimNJ: ‘Correlation of microstructure and wear resistance of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings plasma sprayed with nanopowders’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37, (6), 1851–1861.
169.
ShawLLGobermanDRenRGellMJiangSWangYXiaoTD and StruttPR: ‘The dependency of microstructure and properties of nanostructured coatings on plasma spray conditions’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2000, 130, (1), 1–8.
170.
WangYJiangSWangMWangSXiaoTD and StruttPR: ‘Abrasive wear characteristics of plasma sprayed nanostructured alumina/titania coatings’, Wear, 2000, 237, (2), 176–185.
171.
LinXZengYZhouX and DingC: ‘Microstructure of alumina-3wt.% titania coatings by plasma spraying with nanostructured powders’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2003, 357, (1–2), 228–234.
172.
Oerlikon Metco: Material product data sheet: aluminium oxide 13% titanium dioxide powders, Catalog No. DSMTS-0084·1, Oerlikon Metco, Winterthur, Switzerland; 2014.
173.
BansalPPadtureNP and VasilievA: ‘Improved interfacial mechanical properties of Al2O3–13wt%TiO2 plasma-sprayed coatings derived from nanocrystalline powders’, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, (10), 2959–2970.
174.
WangM and ShawLL: ‘Effects of the powder manufacturing method on microstructure and wear performance of plasma sprayed alumina-titania coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 202, (1), 34–44.
175.
LuoHGobermanDShawL and GellM: ‘Indentation fracture behavior of plasma-sprayed nanostructured Al2O3–13wt.%TiO2 coatings’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2003, 346, (1–2), 237–245.
176.
RacekOBerndtCCGuruDN and HeberleinJ: ‘Nanostructured and conventional YSZ coatings deposited using APS and TTPR techniques’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (1–2), 338–346.
177.
RamponRMarchandOFiliatreC and BertrandG: ‘Influence of suspension characteristics on coatings microstructure obtained by suspension plasma spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (18), 4337–4342.
178.
BacciochiniABen-EttouilFBrousseEIlavskyJMontavonGDenoirjeanAValetteS and FauchaisP: ‘Quantification of void networks of as-sprayed and annealed nanostructured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposits manufactured by suspension plasma spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, (3), 683–689.
179.
GellMXieLMaXJordanEH and PadtureNP: ‘Highly durable thermal barrier coatings made by the solution precursor plasma spray process’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 177–178, 97–102.
180.
Ben-EttouilFDenoirjeanAGrimaudAMontavonG and FauchaisP: ‘Sub-micrometer-sized Y-PSZ thermal barrier coatings manufactured by suspension plasma spraying: process, structure and some functional properties’, Thermal Spray 2009: expanding thermal spray performance to new markets and applications, Las Vegas, NV; 193–199; 2009.
181.
ChenDGellMJordanEHCaoE and MaX: ‘Thermal stability of air plasma spray and solution precursor plasma spray thermal barrier coatings’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2007, 90, (10), 3160–3166.
182.
ChenDJordanEHGellM and MaX: ‘Dense alumina-zirconia coatings using the solution precursor plasma spray process’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2008, 91, (2), 359–365.
183.
LvHZhaoWAnQNiePWangJ and ChuPK: ‘Nanomechanical properties and microstructure of ZrO2/Al2O3 plasma sprayed coatings’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, 518, (1–2), 185–189.
184.
PanZYWangYLiXWWangCH and ZouZW: ‘Effect of submicron and nano SiC particles on erosion wear and scratch behavior of plasma-sprayed Al2O3/8YSZ coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, (5), 995–1010.
185.
JayaramVDe GraefM and LeviCG: ‘Metastable extension of the fluorite phase field in Y2O3-ZrO2 and its effect on grain growth’, Acta Metall. Mater., 1994, 42, (6), 1829–1846.
186.
LeviCG: ‘Metastability and microstructure evolution in the synthesis of inorganics from precursors’, Acta Mater., 1998, 46, (3), 787–800.
187.
WuJPadtureNPKlemensPGGellMGarcíaEMiranzoP and OsendiMI: ‘Thermal conductivity of ceramics in the ZrO2-GdO1·5 system’, J. Mater. Res., 2002, 17, (12), 3193–3200.
188.
FischerGRManfredoLJMcNallyRN and DomanRC: ‘The eutectic and liquidus in the Al2O3–ZrO2 system’, J. Mater. Sci., 1982, 16, (12), 3447–3451.
189.
LakizaSM and LopatoLM: ‘Stable and metastable phase relations in the system alumina-zirconia-yttria’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1997, 80, (4), 893–902.
190.
ChraskaTNeufussKDubskýJCtiborP and RohanP: ‘Fabrication of bulk nanocrystalline alumina-zirconia materials’, Ceram. Int., 2008, 34, (5), 1229–1236.
191.
JinLNiLYuQRaufA and ZhouC: ‘Thermal cyclic life and failure mechanism of nanostructured 13 wt%Al2O3 doped YSZ coating prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying’, Ceram. Int., 2012, 38, (4), 2983–2989.
192.
SodeokaSSuzukiM and InoueT: ‘Thermal stability and mechanical properties of plasma sprayed Al2O3/ZrO2 nano-composite coating’, Key Eng. Mater., 2006, 317–318, 513–516.
193.
VasilievAL and PadtureNP: ‘Coatings of metastable ceramics deposited by solution-precursor plasma spray: II. Ternary ZrO2-Y2O3-Al2O3 system’, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, (18), 4921–4928.
194.
ChenDJordanEH and GellM: ‘Microstructure of suspension plasma spray and air plasma spray Al2O3-ZrO2 composite coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, (3), 421–426.
195.
TingaudOMontavonGDenoirjeanACoudertJFRatV and FauchaisP: ‘Al2O3-ZrO2 finely structured multilayer architectures from suspension plasma spraying’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 207–218.
196.
ChangGK and JonesRE: ‘Low-temperature thermal conductivity of amorphous solids’, Phys. Rev., 1962, 126, (6), 2055–2058.
197.
De Villiers LovelockHL: ‘Powder/processing/structure relationships in WC-Co thermal spray coatings: a review of the published literature’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1998, 7, (3), 357–373.
198.
ExnerHE: ‘Physical and chemical nature of cemented carbides’, Int. Met. Rev., 1979, 24, (4), 149–173.
199.
MarpleBR and LimaRS: ‘Process temperature/velocity-hardness-wear relationships for high-velocity oxyfuel sprayed nanostructured and conventional cermet coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14, (1), 67–76.
200.
GaoPHLiCJYangGJLiYG and LiCX: ‘Influence of substrate hardness transition on built-up of nanostructured WC-12Co by cold spraying’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, (7), 2263–2268.
201.
StewartDAShipwayPH and McCartneyDG: ‘Abrasive wear behaviour of conventional and nanocomposite HVOF-sprayed WC-Co coatings’,Wear, 1999, 225–229, (Part II), 789–798.
202.
StewartDAShipwayPH and McCartneyDG: ‘Microstructural evolution in thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings: comparison between nanocomposite and conventional starting powders’, Acta Mater., 2000, 48, (7), 1593–1604.
203.
ChenHXuCZhouQHutchingsIMShipwayPH and LiuJ: ‘Micro-scale abrasive wear behaviour of HVOF sprayed and laser-remelted conventional and nanostructured WC-Co coatings’,Wear, 2005, 258, (1–4 Spec. Iss.), 333–338.
204.
HeJ and SchoenungJM: ‘A review on nanostructured WC-Co coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2002, 157, (1), 72–79.
205.
BaikKHKimJH and SeongBG: ‘Improvements in hardness and wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-Co nanocomposite coatings’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2007, 448–451, 846–849.
206.
ThostensonETRenZ and ChouTW: ‘Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review’, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2001, 61, (13), 1899–1912.
207.
LauAKT and HuiD: ‘The revolutionary creation of new advanced materials - carbon nanotube composites’, Composites Part B, 2002, 33, (4), 263–277.
208.
MamalisAGVogtländerLOG and MarkopoulosA: ‘Nanotechnology and nanostructured materials: trends in carbon nanotubes’, Precis. Eng., 2004, 28, (1), 16–30.
209.
ZhangXFZhangXBVan TendelooGAmelinckxSOp de BeeckM and Van LanduytJ: ‘Carbon nano-tubes; their formation process and observation by electron microscopy’, J. Cryst. Growth, 1993, 130, (3–4), 368–382.
Salvetat-DelmotteJP and RubioA: ‘Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes: a fiber digest for beginners’, Carbon, 2002, 40, (10), 1729–1734.
212.
SaetherEFranklandSJV and PipesRB: ‘Transverse mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube crystals. Part I: determination of elastic moduli’, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2003, 63, (11), 1543–1550.
213.
DemczykBGWangYMCumingsJHetmanMHanWZettlA and RitchieRO: ‘Direct mechanical measurement of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of multiwalled carbon nanotubes’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2002, 334, (1–2), 173–178.
214.
YuMFLourieODyerMJMoloniKKellyTF and RuoffRS: ‘Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load’, Science, 2000, 287, (5453), 637–640.
215.
BakshiSRLahiriD and AgarwalA: ‘Carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix composites – a review’, Int. Mater. Rev., 2010, 55, (1), 41–64.
216.
BakshiSRBalaniK and AgarwalA: ‘Thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed aluminum oxide – multiwalled carbon nanotube composites’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2008, 91, (3), 942–947.
217.
LahaTAgarwalAMcKechnieT and SealS: ‘Synthesis and characterization of plasma spray formed carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composite’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2004, 381, (1–2), 249–258.
218.
LahaTKuchibhatlaSSealSLiW and AgarwalA: ‘Interfacial phenomena in thermally sprayed multiwalled carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite’, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, (3), 1059–1066.
219.
LahaT and AgarwalA: ‘Effect of sintering on thermally sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2008, 480, (1–2), 323–332.
220.
BakshiSRSinghVSealS and AgarwalA: ‘Aluminum composite reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes from plasma spraying of spray dried powders’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, (10–11), 1544–1554.
221.
BalaniK and AgarwalA: ‘Process map for plasma sprayed aluminum oxide–carbon nanotube nanocomposite coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (17), 4270–4277.
222.
BalaniKBakshiSRLahiriD and AgarwalA: ‘Grain growth behavior of aluminum oxide reinforced with carbon nanotube during plasma spraying and postspray consolidation’, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 2010, 7, (6), 846–855.
223.
LahaTLiuY and AgarwalA: ‘Carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite via plasma and high velocity oxy-fuel spray forming’, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2007, 7, (2), 515–524.
224.
LeeKMoCBParkSB and HongSH: ‘Mechanical and electrical properties of multiwalled CNT-alumina nanocomposites prepared by a sequential two-step processing of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and spark plasma sintering’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2011, 94, (11), 3774–3779.
225.
GeesinkRGT: ‘Experimental and clinical experience with hydroxyapatite-coated hip implants’, Orthopedics, 1989, 12, (9), 1239–1242.
226.
SunLBerndtCCGrossKA and KucukA: ‘Material fundamentals and clinical performance of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings: a review’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2001, 58, (5), 570–592.
227.
BerndtCCHasanFTietzU and SchmitzKP: ‘A review of hydroxyapatite coatings manufactured by thermal spray’, in ‘Advances in calcium phosphate biomaterials’, (ed. B. Ben-Nissan), 267–329; 2014, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
228.
De GrootKGeesinkRKleinCPAT and SerekianP: ‘Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1987, 21, (12), 1375–1381.
229.
GeesinkRGTDe GrootK and KleinCPAT: ‘Bonding of bone to apatite-coated implants’, J. Bone Joint Surg., 1988, 70, (1), 17–22.
230.
OonishiHYamamotoMIshimaruHTsujiEKushitaniSAonoM and UkonY: ‘The effect of hydroxyapatite cating on bone growth into porous titanium alloy implants’, J. Bone Joint Surg., 1989, 71, (2), 213–216.
231.
SanpoNTanMLCheangP and KhorKA: ‘Antibacterial property of cold-sprayed HA-Ag/PEEK coating’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, (1), 10–15.
232.
WebsterTJErgunCDoremusRHSiegelRW and BiziosR: ‘Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2000, 51, (3), 475–483.
233.
WebsterTJErgunCDoremusRHSiegelRW and BiziosR: ‘Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics’, Biomaterials, 2000, 21, (17), 1803–1810.
234.
BalaniKAndersonRLahaTAndaraMTerceroJCrumplerE and AgarwalA: ‘Plasma-sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings and their interaction with human osteoblasts in vitro’, Biomaterials, 2007, 28, (4), 618–624.
235.
BalaniKChenYHarimkarSPDahotreNB and AgarwalA: ‘Tribological behavior of plasma-sprayed carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite coating in physiological solution’, Acta Biomater., 2007, 3, (6), 944–951.
236.
GaonaMLimaRS and MarpleBR: ‘Nanostructured titania/hydroxyapatite composite coatings deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2007, 458, (1–2), 141–149.
237.
LiHKhorKAKumarR and CheangP: ‘Characterization of hydroxyapatite/nano-zirconia composite coatings deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) SPRAY Process’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 182, (2–3), 227–236.
238.
JaworskiRPawlowskiLPierlotCRoudetFKozerskiS and PetitF: ‘Recent developments in suspension plasma sprayed titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 240–247.
239.
TomaszekRPawlowskiLGengembreLLaureynsJ and Le MaguerA: ‘Microstructure of suspension plasma sprayed multilayer coatings of hydroxyapatite and titanium oxide’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, (16–17), 7432–7440.
240.
VaradaraajanVVisveswaranR and MohantyPS: ‘Nano titania embedded hydroxyapatite coating by precursor plasma’, in ‘Expanding thermal spray performance to new markets and applications’, (ed. B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y.-C. Lau, C.-J. Li, R. S. Lima, G. Montavon), 354–360; 2009, Las Vegas, NV, ASM International.
241.
WangBCChangELeeTM and YangCY: ‘Changes in phases and crystallinity of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings under heat treatment: a quantitative study’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1995, 29, (12), 1483–1492.
242.
TsuiYCDoyleC and ClyneTW: ‘Plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium substrates. Part 1: mechanical properties and residual stress levels’, Biomaterials, 1998, 19, (22), 2015–2029.
243.
RadinSR and DucheyneP: ‘Plasma spraying induced changes of calcium phosphate ceramic characteristics and the effect on in vitro stability’, J. Mater. Sci. - Mater. Med., 1992, 3, (1), 33–42.
244.
LegerosRZ: ‘Biodegradation and bioresorption of calcium phosphate ceramics’, Clin. Mater., 1993, 14, (1), 65–88.
245.
LiHKhorKA and CheangP: ‘Titanium dioxide reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray’, Biomater., 2002, 23, (1), 85–91.
246.
JangHDKimSK and KimSJ: ‘Effect of particle size and phase composition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the photocatalytic properties’, J. Nanopart. Res., 2001, 3, (2–3), 141–147.
247.
ZhangH and BanfieldJF: ‘Understanding polymorphic phase transformation behavior during growth of nanocrystalline aggregates: insights from TiO2’, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, (15), 3481–3487.
248.
HanaorDAH and SorrellCC: ‘Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation’, J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46, (4), 855–874.
249.
ZhaoBHuHMandalSK and HaddonRC: ‘A bone mimic based on the self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes’, Chem. Mater., 2005, 17, (12), 3235–3241.
250.
AkasakaTWatariFSatoY and TohjiK: ‘Apatite formation on carbon nanotubes’, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2006, 26, (4), 675–678.
251.
XuJLKhorKASuiJJ and ChenWN: ‘Preparation and characterization of a novel hydroxyapatite/carbon nanotubes composite and its interaction with osteoblast-like cells’, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2009, 29, (1), 44–49.
252.
ZanelloLPZhaoBHuH and HaddonRC: ‘Bone cell proliferation on carbon nanotubes’, Nano Lett., 2006, 6, (3), 562–567.
253.
SmartSKCassadyAILuGQ and MartinDJ: ‘The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes’, Carbon, 2006, 44, (6), 1034–1047.
254.
LewinskiNColvinV and DrezekR: ‘Cytotoxicity of nanopartides’, Small, 2008, 4, (1), 26–49.
255.
FriedrichKZhangZ and SchlarbAK: ‘Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites’,Compos. Sci. Technol, 2005, 65, (15–16 Spec. Iss.), 2329–2343.
256.
ColemanJNKhanUBlauWJ and Gun'koYK: ‘Small but strong: a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites’, Carbon, 2006, 44, (9), 1624–1652.
257.
PetrovicovaE and SchadlerLS: ‘Thermal spraying of polymers’, Int. Mater. Rev., 2002, 47, (4), 169–190.
258.
PetrovicovaEKnightRSchadlerLS and TwardowskiTE: ‘Nylon 11/silica nanocomposite coatings applied by the HVOF process. I. Microstructure and morphology’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2000, 77, (8), 1684–1699.
259.
StravatoAKnightRMochalinV and PicardiSC: ‘HVOF-sprayed nylon-11 + nanodiamond composite coatings: production & characterization’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (5–6), 812–817.
260.
KnightRFangX and TwardowskiTE: ‘Structure and properties of HVOF sprayed amorphous polymer matrix nanocomposite coatings’, Thermal Spray 2001: new surfaces for a new millennium. 361–368; 2001, Singapore, ASM International.
PetrovicovaEKnightRSchadlerLS and TwardowskiTE: ‘Nylon 11/silica nanocomposite coatings applied by the HVOF process. II. Mechanical and barrier properties’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2000, 78, (13), 2272–2289.
263.
NiezgodaSGuptaVKnightRCairncrossRA and TwardowskiTE: ‘Effect of reinforcement size on the scratch resistance and crystallinity of HVOF sprayed nylon-11/ceramic composite coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, (4), 731–738.
264.
TomaFLChwaSOBertrandGLiaoHKleinD and CoddetC: ‘Photocatalytic properties of nanostructured TiO2 and TiO2-Al coatings elaborated by HVOF spraying’, Thermal spray connects: explore its surfacing potential!. 772–776; May 2–4, 2005, Basel, Switzerland, ASM International.
265.
HeJIceM and LaverniaEJ: ‘Synthesis of nanostructured Cr3C2–25(Ni20Cr) coatings’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, 31, (2), 555–564.
266.
RoyMPauschitzABernardiJKochT and FranekF: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of HVOF sprayed nanocrystalline Cr3C2–25(Ni20Cr) coating’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, (3), 372–381.
267.
JiaKFischerTE and GalloisB: ‘Microstructure, hardness and toughness of nanostructured and conventional WC-Co composites’, Nanostruct. Mater., 1998, 10, (5), 875–891.
268.
LimaRS and MarpleBR: ‘Toward highly sintering-resistant nanostructured ZrO2–7wt.%Y2O3 coatings for TBC applications by employing differential sintering’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, (5–6), 846–852.
269.
MichlikPRacekO and BerndtCC: ‘The effect of YSZ microstructure on young's modulus’, Thermal Spray 2004: advances in technology and applications. 1110–1118; May 10–12, 2004, Osaka, Japan, ASM International.
270.
TaoSLiangBDingCLiaoH and CoddetC: ‘Wear characteristics of plasma-sprayed nanostructured yttria partially stabilized zirconia coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14, (4), 518–523.
271.
LimaRSMarpleBRMoreauCNational Research Council of Canada: ‘Thermal Spray Coating of Porous Nanostructured Ceramic Feedstock’, US Patent, 2008/0167173 A1, 2008.
272.
AriharanSGuptaAKeshriAAgarwalA and BalaniK: ‘Size effect of yttria stabilized zirconia addition on fracture toughness and thermal conductivity of plasma sprayed aluminum oxide composite coatings’, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Lett., 2012, 4, (3), 323–332.
273.
JordanEH and GellM: ‘Nano crystalline ceramic and ceramic coatings made by conventional and solution plasma spray’, Nanomaterials technology for military vehicle structural applications. 9-1–9-20; 2005, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, NATO Research and Technology Organisation (RTO).
274.
Oberste BerghausJBouarichaSLegouxJGMoreauC and HarveyBNational Research Council of Canada: ‘Method and apparatus for fine particle liquid suspension feed for thermal spray system and coatings formed therefrom’, US Patent, 2006/0289405 A1, 2006.
275.
SchmitzF and StammWSiemens Aktiengesellschaft: ‘Nano and micro structured ceramic thermal barrier coating’, US Patent, 2012/0321905 A1, 2012.
276.
GellM.MaX.JordanE.PadtureN.P.XieL.XiaoD.DeCarmineA.The University of Connecticut, US Nanocorp Inc., and Inframat Corporation: ‘Coatings, materials, articles, and methods of making thereof’, US Patent, 7,563,503 B2, 2009.
277.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Research Laboratory.: ‘Nanocomposite coatings raise durability of aircraft parts’, Adv. Mater. Process, 2005, 163, (9), 22.
278.
ZinnaboldMMatzM.-MFederal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh: ‘Method and device for producing a dispersion-hardened object that contains carbide nanoparticles’, WIPO Patent, WO 2009/115156 A2, 2009.
279.
WangDMWangYXiaoTDInframat Corporation: ‘Multi-component ceramic compositions and method of manufacture Thereof’, US Patent, 6,723,674 B2, 2004.
280.
MaXQDecarmineT and XiaoTD: ‘Plasma sprayed high lubricity nanocomposite coatings’, Thermal Spray 2004: advances in technology and applications. 812–819; 2004, Osaka, ASM International.
281.
GuilemanyJMDostaS and MiguelJR: ‘The enhancement of the properties of WC-Co HVOF coatings through the use of nanostructured and microstructured feedstock powders’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (3–4), 1180–1190.
282.
SkandanGYaoRKearBHQiaoYLiuL and FischerTE: ‘Multimodal powders: a new class of feedstock material for thermal spraying of hard coatings’, Scr. Mater., 2001, 44, (8–9), 1699–1702.
283.
WangQChenZH and DingZX: ‘Performance of abrasive wear of WC-12Co coatings sprayed by HVOF’, Tribol. Int., 2009, 42, (7), 1046–1051.
284.
KearB.H.SkandanG.Rutgers University: ‘Multimodal structured hardcoatings made from micro-nanocomposite materials’, US Patent, 6,723,387 B1, 2004.
285.
GellM: ‘Nanostructured Coatings’, WTEC Workshop Report on R&D Status and Trends in Nanoparticles, Nanostructured Materials, and Nanodevices in the United States, Arlington, VA, May 8–9, 1997, 124–130, World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC).
286.
XiaoTDBroadheadJMaXInframat Corporation: ‘Lubricant-hard-ductile nanocomposite coatings and methods of making’, US Patent, 2009/0155479 A1, 2009.
287.
McCulloughR and SchmidRKSulzer Metco (US) Inc: ‘Method for applying a low coefficient of friction coating’, European Patent, EP 1785503 A2, 2007.
288.
KimGE.-H and WilliamsJBValveScientific and SealL.P.: ‘Coatings, their production and use’, US Patent, 2008/0182114 A1, 2008.
289.
CarcagnoGEEndresKTenaris Connections Limited: ‘Nanocomposite coatings for threaded connections’, US Patent, 8,322,754 B2, 2012.
290.
KlemensPG and GellM: ‘Thermal conductivity of thermal barrier coatings’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1998, 245, (2), 143–149.
291.
ChenHZhouX and DingC: ‘Investigation of the thermomechanical properties of a plasma-sprayed nanostructured zirconia coating’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2003, 23, (9), 1449–1455.
292.
ZhouHLiFWangJ and SunBD: ‘Microstructure analyses and thermophysical properties of nanostructured thermal barrier coatings’, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 2009, 6, (3), 383–390.
293.
SodeokaSSuzukiM and InoueT: ‘Thermal and mechanical properties of alumina-zirconia nano-composite coating’, Thermal Spray 2004: advances in technology and applications. 831–836; 2004. Osaka, ASM International.
294.
TaylorRE: ‘Thermal conductivity determinations of thermal barrier coatings’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1998, 245, (2), 160–167.
295.
TaylorREWangX and XuX: ‘Thermophysical properties of thermal barrier coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1999, 120–121, 89–95.
296.
LiangB and DingC: ‘Thermal shock resistances of nanostructured and conventional zirconia coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 197, (2–3), 185–192.
297.
WangWQShaCKSunDQ and GuXY: ‘Microstructural feature, thermal shock resistance and isothermal oxidation resistance of nanostructured zirconia coating’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2006, 424, (1–2), 1–5.
298.
SchmidtWRUnited Technologies Corporation: ‘Composite article having a ceramic nanocomposite layer’, European Patent, EP 2495226 A1, 2012.
299.
GregoryODowneyMWnukSWnukVThe Board of Governors for Higher Education, State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: ‘Thermal barrier coatings using intermediate TCE nanocomposites’, WIPO Patent, WO 2006/076000 A2, 2006.
300.
DuFScognaRCZhouWBrandSFischerJE and WineyKI: ‘Nanotube networks in polymer nanocomposites: rheology and electrical conductivity’, Macromolecules, 2004, 37, (24), 9048–9055.
301.
HarrisonBS and AtalaA: ‘Carbon nanotube applications for tissue engineering’, Biomaterials, 2007, 28, (2), 344–353.
302.
MarchandORamponRBertrandG and FiliatreC: ‘How long is the way to manufacture solid oxide fuel cells with suspension plasma spraying?’, Thermal Spray 2008: crossing borders. 559–563; Jun. 2–4, 2008, Maastricht, The Netherlands, ASM International.
TomaszekRNitschKPawlowskiLZnamirowskiZ and BrylakM: ‘Impedance spectroscopy of suspension plasma sprayed titania coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (5), 1930–1934.
305.
TomaszekRZnamirowskiZPawlowskiL and WojnakowskiA: ‘Temperature behaviour of titania field emitters realized by suspension plasma spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (5), 2099–2102.
306.
TomaszekRZnamirowskiZPawlowskiL and ZdanowskiJ: ‘Effect of conditioning on field electron emission of suspension plasma sprayed TiO2 coatings’, Vacuum, 2007, 81, (10), 1278–1282.
307.
RonkainenHKanervaUVarisTRuusuvuoriKTurunenEPeräntieJPutaalaJJuutiJ and JantunenH: ‘Materials for electronics by thermal spraying’, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2013, 762, 451–456.
308.
KawakitaJShinoharaTKurodaSSuzukiM and SodeokaS: ‘Fabrication of nano-sized oxide composite coatings and photo-electric conversion/electron storage characteristics’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (16), 4028–4035.
309.
StruttPRKearBHNanoCell Systems, Inc.: ‘Metastable ceramic fuel cell and method of making the same’, US Patent, 8,334,079 B2, 2012.
310.
HwangC.-S.Atomic Energy Council – Institute of Nuclear Energy Research: ‘Nanostructured composite anode with nano gas channels and atmosphere plasma spray manufacturing method thereof’, US Patent, 8,053,142 B2, 2011.
311.
GoswamiR.SampathS.PariseJ.HermanH.Research Foundation of State University of New York: ‘Articles with nanocomposite coatings’, US Patent, 6,689,453 B2, 2004.
312.
LimaR.S.MarpleB.R.LiH.KhorK.A.National Research Council of Canada and Nanyang Technological University: ‘Biocompatible thermal spray coating made from a nanostructured feedstock’, US Patent, 2006/0199024 A1, 2006.
313.
AhmedRMarkxGHRRG Coatings Limited: ‘Coating method’, US Patent, 2012/0141775 A1, 2012.
314.
JiaGWangHYanLWangXPeiRYanTZhaoY and GuoX: ‘Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene’, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, (5), 1378–1383.
315.
PulskampKDiabatéS and KrugHF: ‘Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants’, Toxicol. Lett., 2007, 168, (1), 58–74.
316.
ShvedovaAACastranovaVKisinERSchwegler-BerryDMurrayARGandelsmanVZMaynardA and BaronP: ‘Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells’, J. Toxicol. Env. Heal., A, 2003, 66, (20), 1909–1926.
317.
WickPManserPLimbachLKDettlaff-WeglikowskaUKrumeichFRothSStarkWJ and BruininkA: ‘The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity’, Toxicol. Lett., 2007, 168, (2), 121–131.
318.
MohantyPSRocheADGuduruRK and VaradaraajanV: ‘Ultrafine particulate dispersed high-temperature coatings by hybrid spray process’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 484–494.
319.
KimG.E.SchoenungJ.M.ProvenzanoV.LaverniaE.J.AjdelsztajnL.The Reagents of the University of California and Perpetual Technologies: ‘Functional coatings for the reduction of oxygen permeation and stress and method of forming the same’, US Patent, 7,361,386 B2, 2008.
320.
CastellanosLMDTorresJAM and FlorezJJO: ‘Electric Arc spray coatings for the naval industry’, Ship Sci. Technol., 2010, 4, (8), 31–39.
321.
FujishimaA and HondaK: ‘Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode’, Nature, 1972, 238, (5358), 37–38.
322.
LinsebiglerALLuG and YatesJTJr: ‘Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results’, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, (3), 735–758.
323.
FujishimaARaoTN and TrykDA: ‘Titanium dioxide photocatalysis’, J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2000, 1, (1), 1–21.
324.
LeeCChoiH and KimH: ‘Photocatalytic properties of nano-structured TiO2 plasma sprayed coating’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 173, (2–3), 192–200.
325.
BolelliGCannilloVGadowRKillingerALusvarghiL and RauchJ: ‘Properties of high velocity suspension flame sprayed (HVSFS) TiO2 coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, (12), 1722–1732.
326.
BurlacovIJirkovskýJMüllerM and HeimannRB: ‘Induction plasma-sprayed photocatalytically active titania coatings and their characterisation by micro-raman spectroscopy’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, (1–2), 255–264.
327.
FanSQLiCJLiCXLiuGJYangGJ and ZhangLZ: ‘Preliminary study of performance of dye-sensitized solar cell of nano-TiO2 coating deposited by vacuum cold spraying’, Mater. Trans., 2006, 47, (7), 1703–1709.
328.
TomaFLBertrandGBeginSMeunierCBarresOKleinD and CoddetC: ‘Microstructure and environmental functionalities of TiO2-supported photocatalysts obtained by suspension plasma spraying’, Appl. Catal., B, 2006, 68, (1–2), 74–84.
329.
TomaFLBertrandGChwaSOMeunierCKleinD and CoddetC: ‘Comparative study on the photocatalytic decomposition of nitrogen oxides using TiO2 coatings prepared by conventional plasma spraying and suspension plasma spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 200, (20–21), 5855–5862.
330.
TomaFLSokolovDBertrandGKleinDCoddetC and MeunierC: ‘Comparison of the photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 coatings elaborated by different thermal spraying processes’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, (4), 576–581.
331.
TomaFLBertrandGChwaSOKleinDLiaoHMeunierC and CoddetC: ‘Microstructure and photocatalytic properties of nanostructured TiO2 and TiO2-Al coatings elaborated by HVOF spraying for the nitrogen oxides removal’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2006, 417, (1–2), 56–62.
332.
MorozNAUmapathyH and MohantyP: ‘Synthesis and microstructure evolution of nano-titania doped silicon coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 294–302.
333.
NonamiTHaseH and FunakoshiK: ‘Apatite-coated titanium dioxide photocatalyst for air purification’, Catal. Today, 2004, 96, (3), 113–118.
334.
GuoXZRaviBGDeviPSHansonJCMargoliesJGambinoRJPariseJB and SampathS: ‘Synthesis of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by citrate-nitrate gel combustion and precursor plasma spray processes’, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2005, 295, (2), 145–154.
335.
RaviBGGuoXZYanQYGambinoRJSampathS and PariseJB: ‘Phase evolution and magnetic properties of Al substituted yttrium iron garnet nanopowders and plasma-sprayed coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, (16–17), 7597–7605.
336.
VargaLK: ‘Soft magnetic nanocomposites for high-frequency and high-temperature applications’,J. Magn. Magn. Mater, 2007, 316, (2 Spec. Iss), 442–447.
337.
MaXZhangYGeSZhangZYanDXiaoDTInframat Corporation: ‘Thick film magnetic nanoparticulate composites and method of manufacture thereof’, US Patent, 7,485,366 B2, 2009.
338.
FauchaisPMontavonG and BertrandG: ‘From powders to thermally sprayed coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, (1–2), 56–80.
339.
FauchaisP and VardelleA: ‘Solution and suspension plasma spraying of nanostructure coatings’, in ‘Advanced plasma spray applications’, (ed. H. Jazi), 149–188; 2012, Rijeka, Croatia, InTech.
340.
ArmadaSTilsetBGPilzMLiltvedtRBratlandH and EspallargasN: ‘Sealing HVOF thermally sprayed WC-CoCr coatings by sol-gel methods’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, (4), 918–926.
341.
LiHKhorKAYuLG and CheangP: ‘Microstructure modifications and phase transformation in plasma-sprayed WC-Co coatings following post-spray spark plasma sintering’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 194, (1), 96–102.
342.
LimaCRCSenturkULimaRS and BerndtCC: ‘Thermal conductivity behavior of sol-gel post-treated thermal barrier coatings’, Thermal Spray: surface engineering via applied research. 1057–1060; 2000, Montreal, QUE.
343.
AhmaniemiSVuoristoP and MäntyläT: ‘Improved sealing treatments for thick thermal barrier coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2002, 151–152, 412–417.
344.
KhannaASKumariSKanungoS and GasserA: ‘Hard coatings based on thermal spray and laser cladding’, Int J Refract Met Hard Mater, 2009, 27, (2), 485–491.
345.
McPhersonR: ‘A review of microstructure and properties of plasma sprayed ceramic coatings’,Surf. Coat. Technol, 1989, 39–40, (Part 1), 173–181.
346.
AllenAJLongGGBoukariHIlavskyJKulkarniASampathSHermanH and GolandAN: ‘Microstructural characterization studies to relate the properties of thermal-spray coatings to feedstock and spray conditions’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 146–147, 544–552.
347.
RayónEBonacheVSalvadorMDRoaJJ and SánchezE: ‘Hardness and young's modulus distributions in atmospheric plasma sprayed WC-Co coatings using nanoindentation’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, (17–18), 4192–4197.
348.
Saber-SamandariSBerndtCC and GrossKA: ‘Selection of the implant and coating materials for optimized performance by means of nanoindentation’, Acta Biomater., 2011, 7, (2), 874–881.
349.
MillerJDVeeramasuneniSDrelichJYalamanchiliMR and YamauchiG: ‘Effect of roughness as determined by atomic force microscopy on the wetting properties of PTFE thin films’, Polym. Eng. Sci., 1996, 36, (14), 1849–1855.
350.
JangJHZhaoWBaeJWSelvanathanDRommelSLAdesidaILeporeAKwakernaakM and AbelesJH: ‘Direct measurement of nanoscale sidewall roughness of optical waveguides using an atomic force microscope’, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, (20), 4116–4118.
VaiaRA: ‘Nanomaterials and future aerospace technologies: opportunities and challenges’, Micro- and nanotechnology sensors, systems, and applications IV. 837324; 2012, Baltimore, MD.
353.
MarkarianJ: ‘Automotive and packaging offer growth opportunities for nanocomposites’, Plast. Addit. Compd., 2005, 7, (6), 18–21.
354.
ChattopadhyayDK and RajuKVSN: ‘Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high performance applications’, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2007, 32, (3), 352–418.
355.
ArigaKJiQHillJPBandoY and AonoM: ‘Forming nanomaterials as layered functional structures toward materials nanoarchitectonics’, NPG Asia Mat, 2012, 4, (5), e17.
356.
BowmanDMVan CalsterG and FriedrichsS: ‘Nanomaterials and regulation of cosmetics’, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2010, 5, (2), 92.
357.
RodaEButeraRCocciniT and ManzoL: ‘Safety assessment of cosmetic products containing nanomaterials. Current research trends and challenges’, J. Appl. Cosmet., 2011, 29, (1), 27–39.
358.
AhnJHKimHSLeeKJJeonSKangSJSunYNuzzoRG and RogersJA: ‘Heterogeneous three-dimensional electronics by use of printed semiconductor nanomaterials’, Science, 2006, 314, (5806), 1754–1757.
359.
SavageN and DialloMS: ‘Nanomaterials and water purification: opportunities and challenges’, J. Nanopart. Res., 2005, 7, (4–5), 331–342.
360.
LiQMahendraSLyonDYBrunetLLigaMVLiD and AlvarezPJJ: ‘Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications’, Water Res., 2008, 42, (18), 4591–4602.
361.
SilvestreCDuraccioD and CimminoS: ‘Food packaging based on polymer nanomaterials’, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2011, 36, (12), 1766–1782.
362.
JiangYP and WangYX: ‘Study of sport devices based on nanomaterial’, Appl. Mech. Mat., 2013, 329, 75–78.
363.
KaiY: ‘Study of biosafety of nanomaterials in sports engineering’, Appl. Mech. Mat., 2013, 340, 348–352.
364.
DawsonTL: ‘Nanomaterials for textile processing and photonic applications’, Color. Technol., 2008, 124, (5), 261–272.
365.
FisherIA: ‘Variables influencing the characteristics of plasma-sprayed coatings’, Int. Mater. Rev., 1972, 17, (1), 117–129.
366.
ApelianDPaliwalMSmithRW and SchillingWF: ‘Melting and solidification in plasma spray deposition – phenomenological review’, Int. Mater. Rev., 1983, 28, (1), 271–294.
367.
PawlowskiL and FauchaisP: ‘Thermal transport properties of thermally sprayed coatings’, Int. Mater. Rev., 1992, 37, (1), 271–289.
368.
SobolevVV and GuilemanyJM: ‘Dynamic processes during high velocity oxyfuel spraying’, Int. Mater. Rev., 1996, 41, (1), 13–32.
369.
SobolevVVGuilemanyJMNuttingJ and MiquelJR: ‘Development of substrate-coating adhesion in thermal spraying’, Int. Mater. Rev., 1997, 42, (3), 117–136.
370.
KillingerAGadowRMauerGGuignardAVaenR and StöverD: ‘Review of new developments in suspension and solution precursor thermal spray processes’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, (4), 677–695.
371.
ShenYAlmeidaVAB and GitzhoferF: ‘Preparation of nanocomposite GDC/LSCF cathode material for IT-SOFC by induction plasma spraying’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, (1–2), 145–153.
372.
BacciochiniAIlavskyJMontavonGDenoirjeanABen-ettouilFValetteSFauchaisP and Wittmann-tenezeK: ‘Quantification of void network architectures of suspension plasma-sprayed (SPS) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS)’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2010, 528, (1), 91–102.
373.
OukacineLGitzhoferFAbatzoglouN and GravelleDV: ‘Study of Ni/Al2O3 deposition on metallic surface using RF plasma process’, Thermal Spray Connects: explore its surfacing potential!. 545–550; May 2-4, 2005. Basel, Switzerland, ASM International.
374.
LayEMetcalfeC and KeslerO: ‘The influence of incorporating MgO into Ni-based cermets by plasma spraying on anode microstructural and chemical stability in dry methane’, J. Power Sources, 2012, 218, 237–243.
375.
MarrMKuhnJMetcalfeCHarrisJ and KeslerO: ‘Electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells having electrolytes made by suspension and solution precursor plasma spraying’, J. Power Sources, 2014, 245, 398–405.
376.
LimpichaipanitABanjongprasertCJaibanP and JiansirisomboonS: ‘Fabrication and properties of thermal sprayed alsi-based coatings from nanocomposite powders’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22, (1), 18–26.
377.
BanjongprasertCJaimeewongP and JiansirisomboonS: ‘Investigation of thermal sprayed stainless steel/WC-12wt%Co nanocomposite coatings’, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2011, 695, 441–444.
378.
HannulaSPTurunenEKeskinenJVarisTFäitTGustafssonTE and NowakR: ‘Development of nanostructured Al2O3-Ni HVOF coatings’, Key Eng. Mater., 2006, 317–318, 539–544.
379.
TurunenEVarisTGustafssonTEKeskinenJFältT and HannulaSP: ‘Parameter optimization of HVOF sprayed nanostructured alumina and alumina-nickel composite coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 200, (16–17), 4987–4994.
380.
LugscheiderEFischerAParcoM and ZhangH: ‘High energy ball milling prepared Al2O3-NiCr dispersion powders for thermal spray coatings’, International Thermal Spray Conference, 122–126; March 4–6, 2002, Essen, Germany, DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen.
381.
HeJIceMSchoenungJMShinDH and LaverniaEJ: ‘Thermal stability of nanostructured Cr3C2-NiCr coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2001, 10, (2), 293–300.
382.
LampkeTWielageBPokhmurskaHRupprechtCSchuberthSDrehmannR and SchreiberF: ‘Development of particle-reinforced nanostructured iron-based composite alloys for thermal spraying’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, (12), 3671–3676.
383.
PicardiS.C.DossD.B.KnightR.StravatoA.Drexel University: ‘Nanodiamond manufacture and process for making thereof’, US Patent, 2009/0305031 A1, 2009.
384.
WildenJSchnickTWankA and SchreiberF: ‘Performance of HVOF nanostructured diboride composite coatings’, International Thermal Spray Conference, 1033–1037; March 4–6, 2002, Essen, Germany, DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen.
385.
GärtnerFBorchersCKreyeHEigenNKlassenTBormannRKrömmerW and BorckV: ‘Microstructures and Properties of Nanocrystalline Composite Coatings’, International Thermal Spray Conference, 102–106; March 4–6, 2002, Essen, Germany, DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen.
386.
ViswanathanVAgarwalAOcelikVDe HossonJTMSobczakN and SealS: ‘High energy density processing of a free form nickel-alumina nanocomposite’, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2006, 6, (3), 651–660.
387.
Uma DeviM: ‘On the nature of phases in Al2O3 and Al2O3-SiC thermal spray coatings’, Ceram. Int., 2004, 30, (4), 545–553.
388.
GoswamiRHermanHSampathSJiangXTianY and HaladaG: ‘Plasma sprayed Mo-Mo oxide nanocomposites: synthesis and characterization’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 141, (2–3), 220–226.
389.
HongSJViswanathanVReaKPatilSDeshpandeSGeorgievaPMcKechnieT and SealS: ‘Plasma spray formed near-net-shape MoSi2-Si3N4 bulk nanocomposites – structure property evaluation’, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2005, 404, (1–2), 165–172.
390.
ChoJHXiongYMKumarSJiYG and LeeC: ‘Comparison of the microstructures and tribological behavior of blended and nanostructured composite coatings by APS’, Thermal Spray 2007: global coating solutions, 764–769; May 14–16, 2007, Beijing, People's Republic of China, ASM International.
391.
PoirierDLegouxJGDrewRAL and GauvinR: ‘Consolidation of Al2O3/Al nanocomposite powder by cold spray’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, (1–2), 275–284.
392.
YangGFanSGaoJLiCXiY and LiC: ‘Characterization of mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 deposited by vacuum cold spray using ceramic polymer composite powder’, Thermal spray crossing borders, 921–925; June 2–4, 2008, Maastricht, The Netherlands, ASM International.
393.
RicoAPozaP and RodríguezJ: ‘High temperature tribological behavior of nanostructured and conventional plasma sprayed alumina-titania coatings’, Vacuum, 2013, 88, (1), 149–154.
394.
LimaRSMarpleBRDadoucheADmochowskiW and LikoB: ‘Nanostructured abradable coatings for high temperature applications’, Thermal Spray 2006: building on 100 years of success, 775–780; May 15–18, 2006, Seattle, WA, ASM International.
