In the context of the in situ conservation and preservation of archaeological artefacts, the long term corrosion mechanisms of iron in anoxic soils are studied. To this purpose, a first step is the characterisation of the corrosion layers formed on archaeological artefacts provided from the archaeological site of Glinet (the sixteenth, Normandy, France). On all the corrosion systems formed on artefacts, the main phases constitutive of the corrosion layer are siderite (FeCO3), an iron carbonate containing hydroxide groups [probably chukanovite Fe2(OH)2CO3] and magnetite (Fe3O4). Furthermore, the arrangement of these phases reveals three corrosion distribution types with corresponding corrosion pattern diagrams.
MacLeodI. D.: ‘The application of corrosion science to the management of maritime archaeological sites’, in ‘ Marine archae-ology: the global perspectives’411–425; 1995DehliSundeep Prakashan.
2.
MatthiesenH.GregoryD.JensenP. and SorensenB: ‘Environmental monitoring at a waterlogged site with weapon sacrifices from the Danish Iron age. I: methodology and results from undisturbed conditions’J. Wetland Arehaeol2004, 455–74.
3.
SoerensenB. and GregoryD: ‘In situ preservation of artifacts in Nydam Mose’Proc. Int. Conf. on ‘Metals conservation’Draguignan-Figanières, France May 1998James and James94–99.
4.
FellV.: ‘Fiskerton: scientific analysis of corrosion layers on archaeological iron artefacts and from experimental iron samples buried for up to 18 months’Centre for Achaeology report no. 65English HeritagePortsmouth, UK2005.
5.
FellV. and WilliamsJ.: ‘ Fiskerton, Lincolnshire: analysis of the modern iron analogue samples buried for 30 months’, Research Department report series no. 13English HeritagePortsmouth, UK2007.
6.
MatthiesenH.GregoryD.SorensenB.AlstromT. and JensenP: ‘Monitoring methods in mires and meadows:five years of studies at Nydam mose, Denmark’, in ‘’ Preserving archaeological sites in situ (PARIS2)’18–25; 2001LondonMuseum of London Archaeology.
7.
MatthiesenH.HilbertL. R. and GregoryD. J.: ‘ The occurence and stability of siderite as a corrosion product on archaeological iron from a waterlogged environment’Stud Conserv., 200348, (3), 183–194.
8.
SahebM.NeffD.DillmannP.MatthiesenH.FoyE. and Bellot-GurletL.: ‘ Multisecular corrosion behaviour of low carbon steel in anoxic soils: characterisation of corrosion system on archaeological artefacts’Mater. Corros., 20085999–105.
9.
VegaE.DillmannP.BergerP. and FluzinP: ‘Species transport in the corrosion products of ferrous archaeological analogues: contribution to the modelling of long-term iron corrosion mechanisms’, in ‘Corrosion of metallic heritage artefacts: inves-tigation, conservation and prediction for long term behaviour’, (ed. DillmannP..), 92–108; 2007CambridgeWoodhead Publish-ing.
10.
NeffD.DillmannP.Bellot-GurletL. and BérangerG.: ‘ Corrosion of iron archaeological artefacts in soil: characterisation of the corrosion system’Corros. Sci., 200547515–535.
11.
ErdösE. and AltorferH: Tin dem Malachit ähnliches basisches Eisenkarbonat als Korrosionsprodukt von Stahl’Werkst. Korros.
12.
PekovI. V.PerchiazziN.MerlinoS.KalachevV. N.MerliniM. and E:A.E. ‘ Chukanovite, Fe2(CO3)(OH)2, a new mineral from the weathered iron meteorite Dronino’Eur. J. Miner., 2007
13.
RémazeillesC. and RefaitP.: ‘Fe(II) hydroxycarbonate Fe2(OH)2CO3 (chukanovite) as iron corrosion product: synthesis and study by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy’, Polyhedron200928, (4), 749–756.
14.
RémazeillesC.NeffD.SahebM.GuilminotE.TranK.BourdoiseauJ. A.SabotR.JeanninM.MatthiesenH.DillmannP. and RefaitP: ‘Microbiologically influenced corrosion of archaeological artefacts; characterisation of iron(II) sulphides by Raman spectroscopy’J. Raman Spectrosc., D0110.1002/JRS.2717.
15.
NeffD.Bellot-GurletL.DillmannP.ReguerS. and LegrandL:
16.
DillmannP. and L'HéritierM.: ‘Slag inclusion analyses
Arribet-DeroinD.: ‘Fondre le fer en gueuses au XVIe siècle. Le haut fourneau de Glinet en pays de Bray (Normandie)’PhD thesis
19.
NeffD.ReguerS.Bellot-GurletL.DillmannP. and BertholonR: ‘Structural characterization of corrosion products on archaeological iron. An integrated analytical approach to establish corrosion forms’J. Raman Spectrosc., 200435739–745.
20.
RéguerS.NeffD.Bello-GurletL. and DillmannP: ‘Deterioration of iron archaeological artefacts: µRaman investiga-tion on chlorinated phases’J. Raman Spectrosc., 200738389–397.
BourdoiseauJ. A.JeanninM.SabotR.RémazeillesC. and RefaitP.: ‘Characterisation of mackinawite by Raman spectro-scopy: effects of crystallisation, drying and oxidation’Corros. 200850, (11), 3247–3255.
23.
BénardJ.: ‘Oxydation des métaux’; 1962ParisGauthier-Villars.
24.
SahebM.DescostesM.NeffD.MatthiesenH.MichelinA. and DillmannP: ‘Iron corrosion in anoxic media: confrontation between ferrous archaeological artefacts and geochemical model-ling’Applied GeochemistryIn press.
25.
ChivotJ.: ‘Thermodynamique des produits de corrosion: fonctions thermodynamiques, diagrammes de solubilité, diagrammes E-pH des systèmes Fe-H20, Fe-0O2-H20, Fe-S-H20, Cr-H20 et Ni-H20 en fonction de la température’2004Châtenay-MalabryANDRA.
26.
PreisW. and GamsjägerH.: ‘Solid-solute phase equilibria in aqueous solution. XVI. Thermodynamic properties of malachite and azurite—predominance diagrams for the system Cu2 ±-112 0-CO2’J. Chem. Thermodyn., 200234, (5), 631–650.
27.
ParkhurstD. L. and AppeloC. A. J.: ‘ User's guide to PHREEQC (version 2) — a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations’99–4259; 1999RestonVA, US Geological Survey.
28.
BoquetE.BoronatA. and Ramos-CormenzanaA.: ‘ Production of calcite (calcium carbonate) crystals by soil bacteria is a general phenomenon’Nature1973246, (21-28), 527–529.
