An analytical penetration model for electron beam welding is presented, based on a combination of the moving line source solution and the solution for a cylindrical cavity moving through a plate of finite thickness. The input parameters are the net beam power, welding speed, keyhole wall temperature, and diameter of the electron beam from which the penetration depth can be calculated for a range of base materials, such as stainless steels, titanium grade 2, and aluminium alloy AA 5052. It is concluded that the penetration model is sufficiently comprehensive and relevant to be used as a predictive tool in ordinary production welding and some possible applications are briefly outlined.
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