Thermal history in UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds

Abstract

Consolidated UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel joints welds were performed using a friction stir welding (FSW) process. An experimental set-up was used to record the thermal history of duplex stainless steel FSW joint. For points at equal distance from the weld centreline, temperature measured near the beginning of the weld was lower than that measured in the middle of the welded joint. This was attributed to a non-stationary transfer condition. FSW thermal cycle showed shorter time spent at elevated temperature compared that presented by fusion welding, indicating less propensity to detrimental second phase precipitation. To support temperature measurements with thermocouples, a three-dimensional finite element thermal model of FSW was implemented, which provided a good agreement with experimental data.

Keywords

Duplex stainless steel Friction stir welding Thermal history Temperature profile

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Sato

Y.S.

and Kokawa

: ‘Preferential precipitation site of sigma phase in duplex stainless steel weld metal’, Scr. Mater., 1999, 40, 659–663.

Reis

G.S.

, Jorge

A.M.

and Balancin

O.J.

: ‘Influence of the microstructure of duplex stainless steels on their failure characteristics during hot deformation’, Mater. Res., 2000, 3, 31–35.

Voronenko

B.I.

: ‘Austenitic–ferritic stainless steels: a state-of-the-art review’, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1997, 39, 428–437.

Lopez

, Cid

and Puiggali

: ‘Influence of σ-phase on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels’, Corros. Sci., 1999, 41, 1615–1631.

Garzon

C.M.

and Ramirez

A.J.

: ‘Growth kinetics of secondary austenite in the welding microstructure of a UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel’, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, 3321–3331.

Sato

Y.S.

, Nelson

T.W.

, Sterling

C.J.

, Steel

R.J.

and Pettersoon

C.-O

: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, A397, 376–384.

Bhadeshia

H.K.D.H.

and DebRoy

: ‘Critical assessment: friction stir welding of steels’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2009, 14, 193–196.

Steel

R.J.

and Sterling

C.J.

: ‘Friction stir welding of 2205 duplex stainless and 3Cr12 steels’, Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on ‘Offshore and polar engineering’, Toulon, France, May 2004, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, 67–73.

Saeid

, Abdollah-Zadeh

, Assadi

and Malek Ghaini

: ‘Effect of friction stir welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A496, 262–268.

10.

Payares-Asprino

M.C.

, Evans

R.W.

and Liu

: ‘Prediction of percentage of ferrite as a function of heat input in gas metal arc welding of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 weldments’, Soldag. Insp., 2008, 13, 150–159.

11.

Escriba

D.M.

, Materna-Morris

, Plaut

R.L.

and Padilha

A.F.

: ‘Chi-phase precipitation in a duplex stainless steel’, Mater. Charact., 2009, 60, 1214–1219.

12.

Thomas

W.M.

, Nicholas

E.D.

, Needham

J.C.

, Murch

M.G.

, Templesmith

and Daves

C.J.

: ‘Friction stir butt welding’, International Patent Application PCT/GB92/02203, 1991.

13.

Mishra

R.S.

and Mahoney

M.W.

(eds.): ‘Friction stir welding and processing’; 2007, Materials Park, OH, ASM International.

14.

Santos

T.F.A.

, Hermenegildo

T.C.F.

, Afonso

C.R.M.

, Marinho

R.R.

, Paes

M.T.P.

and Ramirez

A.J.

: ‘Fracture toughness of ISO 3183 X80M (API 5L X80) steel friction stir welds’, Eng. Fract. Mech., 2010, 77, 2937–2945.

15.

Mishra

R.S.

and Ma

Z.Y.

: ‘Friction stir welding and processing’, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2005, R50, 1–78.

16.

Lambrakos

S.G.

, Fonda

R.W.

, Milewski

J.O.

and Mitchell

J.E.

: ‘Analysis of friction stir welds using thermocouple measurements’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2003, 8, 385–390.

17.

Edwards

and Ramulu

: ‘Peak temperatures during friction stir welding of Ti–6Al–4V’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2010, 15, 468–504.

18.

Steel

R.J.

, Pettersson

C.-O

, Packer

S.M.

, Sorensen

C.D.

, Sato

Y.S.

, Nelson

T.W.

and Sterling

C.J.

: ‘Friction stir welding of SAF 2507 (UNS S32750) super duplex stainless steel’, Stainless Steel World, 2004, 16, 27–31.

19.

Santos

T.F.A.

, Marinho

R.R.

, Paes

M.T.P.

and Ramirez

A.J.

: ‘Microstructure evaluation of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds’, Rev. Esc. Minas, 2013, 66, 187–191.

20.

Sorensen

C.D.

and Nelson

T.W.

: ‘Friction stir welding of ferrous and nickel alloys’, in ‘Friction stir welding and processing’, (ed. Mishra

R. S.

and Mahoney

M. W.

); 2007, Materials Park, OH, ASM International.

21.

Zhang

Y.N.

, Cao

, Larose

and Wanjara

: ‘Review of tools for friction stir welding and processing’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2012, 51, 250–261.

22.

Manvatkar

V.D.

, Aurora

, De

and DebRoy

: ‘Neural network models of peak temperature, torque, traverse force, bending stress and maximum shear stress during friction stir welding’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2012, 17, 460–466.

23.

Nanmac Corporation : ‘Pencial probe eroding thermocouple’, http://www.nanmac.com/handbook/e11.htm (accessed 23 June 2013).

24.

Wei

L.Y.

and Nelson

T.W.

: ‘Correlation of microstructures and process variables in FSW HSLA-65 steel’, Weld. J., 2011, 90, 95s–101s.

25.

Matweb : ‘Material property data’, http://www.matweb.com (accessed 22 June 2013).

26.

Nandan

, DebRoy

and Bhadeshia

H.K.D.H.

: ‘Recent advances in friction-stir welding – process, weldment structure and properties’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2008, 53, 980–1023.

27.

Zhao

, Wu

A.P.

, Ren

J.L.

, Sato

Y.S.

, Kokawa

, Miyake

and Yan

D.Y.

: ‘Temperature and force response characteristics of friction stir welding on Invar 36 alloy’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2013, 18, 232–238.

28.

Khandkar

M.Z.H.

, Khan

J.A.

and Reynolds

A.P.

: ‘Prediction of temperature distribution and thermal history during friction stir welding: input torque based model’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2003, 8, 165–174.

29.

Schmidt

and Hattel

: ‘Modelling heat flow around tool probe in friction stir welding’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2005, 10, 176–186.

30.

Colegrove

, Painter

, Graham

and Miller

: ‘3 dimensional flow and thermal modeling of the friction stir welding process’, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on ‘Friction stir welding’, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 2000, The Welding Institute, Paper 2, 1–11.

31.

Schmidt

H.B.

and Hattel

: ‘Thermal modelling of friction stir welding’, Scr. Mater., 2008, 58, 332–337.

32.

Nandan

, Roy

G.G.

, Lienert

T.J.

and Debroy

: ‘Three-dimensional heat and material flow during friction stir welding of mild steel’, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, 883–895.

33.

Arora

, DebRoy

and Bhadeshia

H.K.D.H.

: ‘Back-of-the-envelope calculations in friction stir welding – velocities, peak temperature, torque, and hardness’, Acta Mater., 2011, 59, 2020–2028.

34.

Ramirez

A.J.

and Brandi

S.D.

: ‘Application of discrete distribution point heat source model to simulate multipass weld thermal cycles in medium thick plates’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2004, 9, 72–82.

35.

Wang

, Colegrove

P.A.

and dos Santos

: ‘Hybrid modelling of 7449-T7 aluminum alloy friction stir welded joints’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2013, 18, 147–153.