Abstract
The level of activity in research on the friction stir welding of steels is dwarfed when compared with that on aluminium alloys. There are good reasons for this. The relative weakness of aluminium makes it ideally suited for a process which requires, at high strain rates, the permanent flow and mixing of material without melting. In contrast, there are in general no cost effective tools available for steel. The purpose of this article and the associated papers in this special issue of Science and Technology of Welding and Joining is to assess the state of the art, focusing on the knowledge base in the open literature.
Keywords
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Threadgill
P. L.
,
Leonard
A. J.
,
Shercliff
H. R.
and
Withers
P. J.
Int. Mater. Rev ., 2009 , 54 , 49 –93 .
2.
Strand
S. R.
,
Sorensen
C. D.
and
Nelson
T. W.
in Proc. Conf. ANTEC 2003, Vol. 1, 1078–1082; 2003, Chicago, IL, Society of Plastics Engineers.3. C. Meran and V. Kovan : Materialwiss. Werkstofftech ., 2008 , 39 , 521 –530
3.
Yamamoto
M.
,
Gerlich
A.
,
North
T. H.
and
Shinozaki
K.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2008 , 13 , 583 –592 .
4.
Abdollah-Zadeh
A.
,
Saeid
T.
and
Sazgari
B.
J. Alloys Compd , 2008 , 460 , 535 –538 .
5.
Gerlich
A.
,
Su
P.
,
Yamamoto
M.
and
North
T. H.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2008 , 13 , 254 –264 .
6.
Chen
Y. C.
and
Nakata
K.
Mater. Des ., 2009 , 30 , 469 –474 .
7.
Miller
W. S.
and
Plamer
I. G.
MRS Eur ., Nov. 1985 , 117 –137 .
8.
Dimitriu
R.
and
Bhadeshia
H. K. D. H.
Mater. Sci. Technol ., 2007 , 23 , 1127 –1131 .
9.
Nandan
R.
,
DebRoy
T.
and
Bhadeshia
H. K. D. H.
Prog. Mater. Sci ., 2008 , 53 , 980 –1023 .
10.
Adonvi
Y.
and
Palotas
B.
Weld. World , 2005 , 49 , 156 .
11.
Hovanski
Y.
,
Santella
M. L.
and
Grant
G. J.
Scr. Mater ., 2007 , 57 , 873 –876 .
12.
Khan
M. I.
,
Kuntz
M. L.
,
Su
P.
,
Gerlich
A.
,
North
T.
and
Zhou
Y.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2007 , 12 , 175 –182 .
13.
Tanaka
K.
,
Kumagai
M.
and
Yoshida
H.
J. Jpn Inst. Light Met ., 2006 , 56 , 317 –322 .
14.
Eagar
T. W.
: Weld. J ., 1970 , 70 , 69 –71 .
15.
Thomas
W. M.
,
Threadgill
P. L.
and
Nicholas
E. D.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 1999 , 4 , 365 –372 .
16.
Lienert
T. J.
Jr
,
Stellwag
W. L.
,
Grimmett
B. B.
and
Warke
R. W.
Weld. J ., 2003 , 82, 1s –9s .
17.
Threadgill
P. L.
and
Johnson
R.
2004 .
18.
Buffa
G.
and
Fratini
L.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 239 –246 .
19.
Feng
Z.
,
David
S. A.
and
Packer
S.
2005 Welding Show, Dallas, TX, USA, April 2005 , AWS.
20.
Chung
Y. D.
,
Fujii
H.
,
Ueji
R.
and
Nogi
K.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 233 –238 .
21.
Sato
Y. S.
,
Nelson
T. W.
,
Sterling
C. J.
,
Steel
R. J.
and
Pettersson
C.-O.
Mater. Sci. Eng. A , 2005 , A397, 376 –384 .
22.
Colegrove
P. A.
and
Shercliff
H. R.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2004 , 9 , 345 –351 .
23.
Nandan
R.
,
Roy
G. G.
,
Lienert
T. J.
and
DebRoy
T.
Acta Mater ., 2007 , 55 , 883 –895 .
24.
Feng
Z.
,
Roy
G. G.
,
David
S. A.
and
Sklad
P. S.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2007 , 12 , 348 –356 .
25.
Reynolds
A. P.
,
Tang
W.
,
Gnaupel-Herold
T.
and
Prask
H.
Scr. Mater ., 2003 , 48 , 1289 –1294 .
26.
Bhadeshia
H. K. D. H.
: Mater. Sci. Technol ., 2008 , 24 , 128 –135 .
27.
Fujii
H.
,
Cui
L.
,
Tsuji
N.
,
Maeda
M.
,
Nakata
K.
and
Nogi
K.
Mater. Sci. Eng. A , 2006 , A429, 50 –57 .
28.
Reynolds
A. P.
,
Tang
W.
,
Posada
M.
and
Deloach
J.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2003 , 8 , 455 –460 .
29.
DeCooman
B. C.
: Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci ., 2004 , 8 , 285 –303 .
30.
Jacques
P. J.
: Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci ., 2004 , 8 , 259 –265 .
31.
Miles
M. P.
,
Pew
J.
,
Nelson
T. W.
and
Li
M.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2006 , 11 , 384 –388 .
32.
Xia
M. S.
,
Kuntz
M. L.
,
Tian
Z. L.
and
Zhou
Y.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2008 , 13 , 378 –387 .
33.
Miles
M. P.
,
Nelson
T. W.
,
Steel
R.
,
Olsen
E.
and
Gallagher
M.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 228 –232 .
34.
Prange
W.
and
Schneider
C.
1 –6 ; 1992 , Warrendale , PA, Society of Automobile Engineers .
35.
Ohashi
R.
,
Fujimoto
M.
,
Mironov
S.
,
Sato
Y. S.
and
Kokawa
H.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 221 –227 .
36.
Lee
C. Y.
,
Choi
D. H.
,
Yeon
Y. M.
,
Song
K.
and
Jung
S. B.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 216 –220 .
37.
Weinberger
T.
,
Enzinger
N.
and
Cerjak
H.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 210 –215 .
38.
Sinigaglia
D.
,
Taccani
G.
,
Vicentini
B.
,
Rondelli
G.
and
Galelli
L.
Werkst. Korros ., 1982 , 33 , 592 –601 .
39.
Ogawa
T.
and
Koseki
T.
Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc ., 1991 , 9 , 154 –160 .
40.
Banovic
S. W.
,
DuPont
J. N.
and
Marder
A. R.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2002 , 7 , 374 –383 .
41.
Sato
Y. S.
,
Harayama
N.
,
Kokawa
H.
,
Inoue
H.
,
Tadokora
Y.
and
Tsuge
S.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 202 –209 .
42.
Klingensmith
S.
,
DuPont
J. N.
and
Marder
A. R.
Weld. J ., 2005 , 84, 77s –85s .
43.
Mishra
R. S.
,
Valiev
R. Z.
,
McFadden
S. X.
,
Mara
N. A.
and
Mukherjee
A. K.
Scr. Mater ., 1999 , 40 , 1151 –1155 .
44.
Chen
Y.
,
Fujii
H.
,
Tsumura
T.
,
Kitagawa
Y.
,
Nakata
K.
,
Ikeuchi
K.
,
Matsubayashi
K.
,
Michishita
Y.
,
Fujiya
Y.
and
Katoh
J.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 197 –201 .
45.
Park
S. H. C.
,
Sato
Y. S.
,
Kokawa
H.
,
Okamoto
K.
,
Hirano
S.
and
Inagaki
M.
Scr. Mater ., 2003 , 49 , 1175 –1180 .
46.
Park
S. H. C.
,
Sato
Y. S.
,
Kokawa
H.
,
Okamoto
K.
,
Hirano
S.
and
Inagaki
M.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2005 , 10 , 550 –556 .
47.
Thomas
W. M.
,
Wiesner
C. S.
,
Marks
D. J.
and
Staines
D. G.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join ., 2009 , 14 , 247 –253 .
48.
Liu
H.
and
Zhou
L.
Trans. China Weld. Inst ., 2007 , 28 , 101 –104 .
49.
Fujii
H.
,
Tatsuno
T.
,
Tsumura
T.
,
Tanaka
M.
and
Nakata
K.
Mater. Sci. Forum , 2008 , 580 –582 , 393 –396 .
50.
Bhadeshia
H. K. D. H.
: Mater. Sci. Eng. A , 1997 , A223, 64 –77 .
51.
Cottrell
G. A.
and
Baker
L. A.
J. Nucl. Mater ., 2003 , 318 , 260 –266 .
52.
Thomas
W.
: personal communication, TWI, Cambridge, UK, 2009 .