Abstract
As the concept of micro-indentation hardness testing has not yet become commonly accepted, nor has any definition of it been universally agreed upon, it is desirable to begin by reviewing the development and the present state of hardness testing under low load, and to say something about the terminology.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Lips
E. N. H.
Sack
J.
, Nature , 1936 , 138 , 328 .
2.
Lips
E. M. H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1937 , 29 , 339 .
3.
Knoop
F.
Peters
C. G.
Emerson
W. B.
, J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand . , 1939 , 23 , 39 .
4.
Hanemann
H.
Bernhardt
E. O.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1940 , 32 , 35 .
5.
Bergsman
E. B.
, Jernkontorets Ann. , 1944 , 128 , 81 ; 1945, 129, 577; Tekn. Tidskr . , 1944, 74, 1297 .
6.
O'Neill
H.
, Metallurgia , 1941 , 23 , 71 .
7.
Mott
B. W.
, “Micro-Indentation Hardness Testing ” , 1956 : London (Butter. worthScientific Publications ).
8.
Brown
A. R. G.
meson
E.
, J. Iron Steel Inst . , 1951 , 169 , 376 .
9.
Schultz
F.
Hanemann
H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1941 , 33 , 124 .
10.
Kick
F.
, “Des Gesetz der proportionalen WiderstAnde und seine Anwendung” . 1885 : Leipzig (Felix Edition ).
11.
Buckle
H.
, Ann. Franc. Chrononatrie , 1952 , 22 , 229 .
12.
Btickle
H.
, Rev. Met . , 1954 , 51 , 1 .
13.
Bfickle
H.
, Metall , 1955 , 9 , 549 , 1067 .
14.
Bilelde
H.
, V.D.I.Ber . , 11, 9 , 29 , 147 .
15.
Berkovich
E. S.
, Zavod. Lab. , 1950 , 16 , 345 ;
Indust. Diamond Rev
. , 1951 , 11 , 129 .
16.
Krushchev
M. M.
Berkovich
E. S.
, Zavod. Lab . , 1950 , 16 , 193 .
17.
Grodzinski
P.
, Research , 1951 , 4 , 239 ;
Indust. Diamond Rev.
, 1951 , 11 , 44 , 48 .
18.
Grodzinski
P.
, Research , 1951 , 4 , 431 .
19.
Mitsche
R.
Onitsch
E. M.
, Mikroskopie , 1948 , 3 , 257 .
20.
Bischof
W.
Wenderott
B.
, Arch. Eisenheitenwesen , 1941 -42, 15 , 497 .
21.
Tate
D. R.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1945 , 35 , 374 .
22.
Bückle
H.
,
Zeiss-Nachr
. , 1944 , 5 , 93 .
23.
Bernhardt
E. O.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1941 , 33 , 135 .
24.
Thibault
N. W.
Nyquist
H. L.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1947 , 38 , 271 .
25.
Schulze
R.
, Feinwerktechnik , 1951 , 55 , 190 .
26.
Tarasov
L. P.
Thibault
N. W.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1947 , 38 , 331 .
27.
Onitsch
E. M.
, Berg- u. hattenmann. Mcrraatsh. Montan. Hochschule Leoben , 1948 , 93 , 7 .
28.
Vitovec
F.
,
ibid
. , 1951 , 96 , 133 .
29.
Onitsch
E. M.
, Mikroskopie , 1947 , 2 , 131 .
30.
Taylor
E. W.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1948 , 74 , 493 .
31.
Campbell
R. F.
Henderson
Q.
Donleavy
M. R.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1948 , 40 , 954 .
32.
Rostoker
W.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1950 , 77 , 175 .
33.
Meyer
E.
, Z.V.D.I . , 1908 , 52 , 645 .
34.
Tabor
D.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1951 , 79 , 1 :
35.
Brown
A. R. G.
, ibid. , 1950 , 77 , 621 (discussion ).
36.
Alitsche
R.
Onitsch
E. M.
, Oster?. Chem.-Zeit . , 1948 , 49 , 186 .
37.
Bückle
H.
, Rev. Mit . , 1951 , 48 , 957 .
38.
Buckle
H.
,
ibid
. , 1951 , 48 , 858 .
39.
Buckle
H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1952 , 43 , 82 .
40.
Schultze
W.
Schimmer
L.
, Arch. Eisenhfittenwesen , 1954 , 25 , 337 .
41.
Buckle
H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1954 , 45 , 623 , 694 .
42.
Bergsman
E. B.
, Amer. Soc. Test. Mat. Bull. , 1951 , (176) , 37 .
43.
Krushchev
M. M.
Berkovich
E. S.
, Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. , 1950 , [Tekhnd, 1645 .
44.
Braun
A.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1955 , 46 , 499 .
45.
Akashi
K.
, V.D.I. Bar . , 1957 , 11 , 45 .
46.
Tertsch
H.
, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Manatsh . , 1956 , 11 , 241 .
47.
Grodzinski
P.
, Nature , 1952 , 169 , 925 .
48.
Brodie
C. B.
Smoluchowski
R.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1945 , 35 , 388 .
49.
Schulze
R.
, V.D.I. Ber ., 1957 , 11 , 137 (discussion ).
50.
Tuebschmidt
H. E.
, Thesis: ” Untersuchungen der Kristallgrenzen in verform-ten Metallen, insbesondere durch Mikrohartenmessungen”. 1954: Zurich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) .
51.
Raub
E.
, Mitt. Forschungsinst. Edelmetalle , 1942 , 7 , 1 .
52.“Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Solids” (Rep. of Pittsburgh Symposium 1950). U.S. Naval Research Laboratory .
53.
Nabarro
F. R. N.
, Advances in Physics , 1952 , 1 , 271 .
54.
Zaat
J. H.
, V.D.I. Bar. , 1957 , 11 , 150 (discussion ).
55.
Buckle
H.
, “L'Essai de Microdureté et ses Applications” . 1959 : Paris (Publications Scientifiques et Techniques du Ministiwe de l'Air ).
56.
Perryman
E. C. W.
,
Metal Ind
. , 1950 , 76 , 23 .
57.
Perryman
E. C. W.
,
ibid
. , 1951 , 79 , 131 .
58.
Weiss
M.
, Thesis , Wien , 1950 .
59.
Meyer
M. A.
, Thesis : “Some Aspects of the Hardness of Metals” . 1951 : Delft .
60.
Tabor
D.
,
Proc. Roy. Soc
. , 1948 , [A ], 192 , 247 .
61.
Raether
H.
, Z. Physik , 1947 , 124 , 286 .
62.
Leise
K. H.
,
ibid
. , 1947 , 124 , 258 .
63.
Tabor
D.
, “The Hardness of Metals” . 1951 : London (Oxford University Press ).
64.
Woxen
R.
, Indust. Diamond Rev. , 1944 , 4 , 241 .
65.
Bergsman
E. B.
, Metal Progress , 1948 , 54 , 183 ;
Sheet Metal Ind
., 1954 , 31 , 383 .
66.
Geiger
T.
, Schweiz. Arch. angew. Wigs. Techn ., 1952 , 18 , 41 .,
67.
Tolansky
S.
Nickols
D. G.
,
Nature
, 1949 , 164 , 103 , 840 ; Phil. May. , 1952, [vii], 43, 410 .
68.
Roth-Meyer
H.
, Cimapt. rend ., 1950 , 231 , 906 .
69.
Tertach
H.
, Mikroskopie , 1950 , 5 , 172 .
70.
O'Neill
H.
, J. hot. Metals , 1923 , 30 , 299 .
71.
Daniels
F. W.
Dunn
C. G.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1949 , 41 , 419 .
72.
Longard
K.
, Arch. Metallkunde , 1949 , 3 , 381 .
73.
Whitaker
P.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1948 , 74 , 737 (discussion ).
74.
Buckle
H.
, Cuivres, Lallans, Alliages , 1955 , (24) , 41 .
75.
Jacquet
P. A.
, Met. Rev . , 1956 , 1 , 157 .
76.
Schulze
R.
,
Metallaberfiriche
, 1954 , [A] , 8 , 52 .
77.
Braun
A.
, Schweiz. Arch. angew. IViss. Tee/en . , 1953 , 19 , 67 .
78.
Braun
A.
,
ibid
. , 1958 , 24 , 105 .
79.
Girschig
R.
, Rev. Met , 1946 , 43 , 95 .
80.
Townend
G. H.
, J. Sci. Instruments , 1949 , 26 , 295 .
81.
Hundy
B. B.
, Metallurgia , 1951 , 43 , 99 .
82.
Tabor
D.
, Endeavour , 1954 , 13 , (49 ), 27 .
83.
Brodie
C. B.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1947 , 88 , 271 .
84.
Wilson
R. W.
, Sheet Metal Ind. , 1954 , 31 , 289 (discussion ).
85.
Gudtsov
N. T.
Lozinsky
M. G.
, Zhur. Tekhn. Piziki , 22, 905 .
86.
Pomey
J.
Royez
A.
Gerges
J. P.
, Compt. rend . , 1957 , 245 , 1424 .
87.
Benford
J. R.
, Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals , 1947 , 38 , 326 .
88.
Bergsman
E. B.
,
Metal Incl
. , 1946 , 69 , 109 .
89.
Braun
A.
, V.D.I. Ber . , 1957 , 11 , 140 .
90.
Smekal
A.
, “Proceedings of International Symposium on the Reactivity of Solids, Gothenburg, 1952” , p. 125 . 1954 : Gothenburg (Ingeniörsve-tenskapsakademien and Chalmers Tekniska Högskola) .
91.
Jost
W.
, “Diffusion in Solids, Liquids, and Gases” . 1952 : New York (Academic Press, Inc .).
92.
Buckle
H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1942 , 34 , 130 .
93.
Nickle
H.
, Z. Elektrochem . , 1943 , 49 , 238 .
94.
BiteIde
H.
Blin
J.
, J. Inst. Metals , 1951 -52, 80 , 385 .
95.
Bochvar
A. A.
Zhadaeva
O. S.
, Invest. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R ., 1947 , [Tekhn.) , 341 .
96.
Brenner
P.
Kostron
H.
, Metallurgia , 1950 , 41 , 209 .
97.
Montoro
V.
Parigi
R.
, Met. Ital . , 1947 , 39 , 206 .
98.
Ch. Buckle, Ch. Changarnier, and
J . Calvet , Compt. rend ., 1952 , 235 , 1040 .
99.
Buckle
H.
Buckle
Ch.
, “Proceedings of the International Conference on the Reactivity of Solids, Madrid, 1956” , Vol. I , p. 187 . 1957 : Madrid (C.S.I.C.) .
100.
Buckle
H.
, Z. Metallkunde , 1946 , 37 , 43 .
101.
Buckle
H.
Descamps
J.
, Bev. Mit . , 1951 , 48 , 569 .
102.
Buckle
H.
, “Plansee Proceedings 1955” (edited by
Benesovsky
F.
), p. 223 . 1956 : London (Pargamon Press) .
103.
Buckle
H.
Metallkunde
Z.
, 1940 , 37 , 47 , 175 ; J. Inst. Metals , 1952-53, 81, 742 (discussion) .
104.
Onitsch-Modl
E. M.
, Schweiz. Arch. anew. Wiss. Techn . , 1953 , 19 , 330 .
105.
Onitsch-Modl
E. M.
, “Plansce Proceedings 1955” (edited by
Benesovsky
F.
), p. 427 . 1956 : London (Pergamon Press) .
106.
Kostron
H.
, Z. Metalllcunde , 1950 , 41 , 370 .
107.
Hill
R.
, Phil. Mag. , 1950 , [vii] , 41 , 745 .
108.
Krisch
A.
, V.D.I. Ber . , 1957 , 11 , 59 .
109.
Bergman
E. B.
Travaille
J.
,
ibid
. , 1957 , 11 , 51 .
110.
Duckworth
W. E.
Walter
G. H.
, “Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals 1956” , p. 585 . 1958 : London (Institution of Mechanical Engineers) .
111.
Bfickle
H.
, “Colloque sur Is Diffusion it l'Etat Solide, 1958” . Centre d'Etudes Nucléaire.s de Saclay .