Abstract
Segregation of trace and alloying elements to the free surface of a 3Cr-0.5Mo rotor steel at high temperature shows three kinetically distinct regions of surface composition. The first involves the rapid cosegregation of Cr and N. The slower emergence of P to the surface destroys the Cr-N surface interaction, causing evaporation of P and N from the surface and desegregation of Cr. This effect, which forms the second stage, arises from a strong surface interaction between P and N forming volatile phosphorus nitride. In the third stage, which occurs after much longer times, S, Sb, and Sn reach appreciable surface coverages.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
LEA
C.
and
SEAH
M. P.
Philos. Mag ., 1977 , 35 , 213 .
2.
SEAH
M. P.
and
HONDROS
E. D.
Proc. R. Soc ., 1973 , 335A , 191 .
3.
SEAH
M. P.
and
LEA
C.
Philos. Mag ., 1975 , 31 , 627 .
4.
LEA
C.
and
SEAH
M. P.
Scr. Metall ., 1975 , 9 , 582 .
5.
LOSCH
W.
: Acta Metall ., 1979 , 27 , 567 .
6.
SEAH
M. P.
: Surf Sc! ., 1979 , 80 , 8 .
7.
HONDROS
E. D.
and
SEAH
M. P.
Int. Met. Rev ., 1977 , 22 , 262 .
8.
SEAH
M. P.
,
SPENCER
P. J.
, and
HONDROS
E. D.
Met. Sci ., 1979 , 13 , 307 .
9.
VISWANATHAN
R.
: Metall. Trans ., 1971 , 2 , 809 .
10.
RAMASUBRAMANIAN
P. V.
and
STEIN
D. F.
Metall. Trans ., 1973 , 4 , 1735 .
11.
LEMBLE
PH.
,
PINEAU
A.
,
CASTAGNE
J. L.
,
DUMOULIN
PH.
, and
GUTTMANN
M.
1979 , 13, 496.
12.
OHTANI
H.
,
FENG
H. C.
,
McMAHON
C. J.
, and
MULFORD
R. A.
Metall. Trans ., 1976 , 7A , 87 .
13.
KRAHE
P. R.
and
GUTTMANN
M.
Scr. Metall ., 1973 , 7 , 387 .
14.
MULFORD
R. A.
,
McMAHON
C. J.
,
POPE
D. P.
, and
FENG
H. C.
Metall. Trans ., 1976 , 7A , 1269 .
15.
RELLICK
J. R.
and
McMAHON
C. J.
Metall. Trans ., 1974 , 5 , 2439 .
16.
STEIN
D. F.
,
JOSHI
A.
, and
LAFORCE
R. P.
Trans. ASM ., 1969 , 62 , 776 .
17.
McMAHON
C. J.
,
CIANELLI
A. K.
, and
FENG
H. C.
Metall. Trans ., 1977 , 8A , 1055 .
18.
MULFORD
R. A.
,
McMAHON
C. J.
,
POPE
D. P.
, and
FENG
H. C.
Metall. Trans ., 1976 , 7A , 1183 .
19.
OGURA
T.
,
McMAHON
C. J.
,
FENG
H. C.
, and
VITEK
V.
Acta Metall ., 1978 , 26 , 1317 .
20.
CIANELLI
A. K.
,
FENG
H. C.
,
UCISIK
A. H.
, and
McMAHON
C. J.
Metall. Trans ., 1977 , 8A , 1059 .
21.
PALMBERG
P. W.
and
MARCUS
H. L.
Trans. ASM ., 1969 , 62 , 1016 .
22.
VISWANATHAN
R.
and
SHERLOCK
T. P.
Metall. Trans ., 1972 , 3 , 459 .
23.
MARCUS
H. L.
and
PALMBERG
P. W.
Trans. AIME ., 1969 , 245 , 1664 .
24.
SEAH
M. P.
: Surf Sc! ., 1975 , 53 , 168 .
25.
HONDROS
E. D.
: Met . Set ., 1967 , 1 , 36 .
26.
INOUE
T.
: ‘Grain boundaries in engineering materials’ ; 1974 , Baton Rouge , Claitor's Publishing Division .
27.
JOSH
A.
and
STEIN
D. F.
Corrosion , 1972 , 28 , 321 .
28.
TAUBER
G.
and
GRABKE
H. J.
Ber. Bunsenges ., 1978 , 82 , 298 .
29.
CAPUS
J. M.
and
MAYER
G.
Metallurgia , 1960 , 62 , 133 .
30.
HENDRY
A.
,
MAZUR
Z. F.
and
JACK
K. H.
Met. Sci ., 1979 , 13 , 482 .
31.
CLAYTON
J. Q.
and
BURSTEIN
G. T.
ibid ., 1979 , 13 , 530 .
32.
SEAH
M. P.
: J. Vac. Sc!. Technol ., 1980 , in press .
33.
SEAH
M. P.
and W.A.DENCH: ‘Quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy of surfaces’, National Physical Laboratory, Report Chem 82 , 1978 .
34.
DUMOTJLIN
P.
and
GUTTMANN
M.
Mater. Sci. Eng ., 1980 , 42 , 249 .
35.
BURTON
J. J.
,
BERKOWITZ
B. J.
, and
KANE
R. D.
Metall. Trans ., 1979 , 10A , 677 .
36.
GUTTMANN
M.
: ‘Residuals, additives and materials properties’ ; 1980 , London , The Royal Society .
37.
NEWMAN
R. C.
and
BURSTEIN
G. T.
Scr. Metall ., 1979 , 13 , 1183 .
38.
GUTTMANN
M.
and
McLEAN
D.
Interfacial segregation’ , (ed.
Johnson
W. C.
and
Blakely
J. M.
261 ; 1979 , Metals Park , Ohio, American Society for Metals .
39.
BURSTEIN
G. T.
and
CLAYTON
J. Q.
Scr. Metall ., 1979 , 13 , 1099 .
40.
LEA
C.
and
SEAH
M. P.
Surf Sci ., 1975 , 53 , 272 .
41.
CLAYTON
J. Q.
: PhD thesis , University of Cambridge , 1976 .