This review presents the main trends and achievements in the field of steel surface treatments, from metallurgy to processing. Development of new surface observation methods, by improvement of resolution and structure quantification, have led to a better insight into the metallurgy and physical chemistry of surfaces and to a detailed description of reactions. Reaction kinetics have been derived from numerous in situ kinetics experiments resulting in fine reaction and reactor modelling. Industrial operation of surface treatments has been characterised through direct measurements, residence time distribution (RTD), and cold models or hot pilots. They give important information for the validation of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Such measurements of temperature, fluid composition, and velocity will confirm the local distribution of the process variables. All these results are being integrated into online process simulators for fully controlled surface treatments.
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