There are, of course, circumstances which could also render the act morally problematic, but these are contingent, variable, and impossible to exhaustively list in abstraction from some concrete, particular act. It could be the case, for example, that it would be financially irresponsible to pursue an otherwise licit remedy for infertility.
2.
I have tried to make a case for this understanding of pregnancy in my essay “The Nuptial Womb: On the Moral Significance of Being ‘with Child,’” in Human Embryo Adoption: Biotechnology, Marriage, and the Right to Life, eds. ThomasV., BergL.C., and FurtonEdward J. (Philadelphia, PA, and Thornwood, NY: The National Catholic Bioethics Center and the Westchester Institute for Ethics and the Human Person, 2006), 165–195.
