Abstract
The results of investigations on corrosion products formed on titanium and on Ti–3Cu alloy during oxidation in air at temperatures in the range 650–1200°C are reported. Lattice diffusion dominates the oxidation process, but the formation of multiphase and multilayer scale, which is also porous, influences the kinetics. It has been found that, at temperatures of 950°C and above, growing pores facilitate mass transport to and from the underlying material and increase the oxidation rate.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Kofstad
P.
: ‘High temperature oxidation of metals’ , 169 –178 ; 1966 , London , John Wiley .
2.
Hurlen
T.
: J. Inst. Met. , 1960 –61, 89, 128 .
3.
Andersson
S.
,
COLLEN
B.
,
KUYLENSTIERNA
U.
, and
MAGELI
A.
Acta Chem. Scand. , 1957 , 11 , 1641 .
4.
Zwicker
U.
: ‘Titanium and titanium alloys ’; 1974 , Berlin—Heidelberg—New York , Springer-Verlag (in German ).
5.
Morton
P. H.
and
BOLDWIN
W. M.
Trans. AIME , 1952 , 44 , 1004 .
6.
Kofstad
P.
: Nonstoichiometry — diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides ’, 139 ; 1972 , New York , Wiley Interscience .
7.
KRÓL
S.
and
Gorecki
T.
Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Titanium, Munich, Germany, September 1984 , (ed. G. Liltjering et al.), Vol. 4 , 2695.
8.
Gulbransen
E. A.
and
ANDREW
K. F.
Trans. AIME , 1949 , 185 , 741 .
9.
Jenkins
A. E.
: J. Inst. Met. , 1954 , 82 , 213 .
10.
Kina
W.
and
KNORR
W.
Z. Metallkd , 1956 , 47 , 594 .
11.
Salomonsen
G.
,
NORMAN
N.
,
LONSIO
O.
, and
FINSTAD
T. G.
J. Less-Common Met. , 1990 , 58 , 251 .
12.
Kofstad
P.
and
HAuFFE
K.
Werkst. Korros. , 1956 , 11 , 642 .
13.
Smithells
C. J.
: ‘Metals reference book’, 4th edn , Vol. 2 , 403 , 481, 553, 580; 1967 , London , Butterworths .
14.
Bylica
A.
and
SIENIAWSKI
J.
‘Titanium and its alloys’ ; 1985 , Warsaw , PWN (in Polish ).
15.
Stringer
J.
: Acta Metall. , 1960 , 8 , 758 .
16.
Stringer
J.
: Acta Metall. , 1960 , 8 , 810 .
17.
Mrowec
S.
: ‘Kinetics of oxidation of metals’, 3rd edn , 162 ; 1982 , Slask (in Polish).
18.
Jungling
T.
and
RAPP
R. A.
Metall. Trans. A , 1982 , 134A , 929 –935 .
19.
Matson
L.
,
ERHART
H.
,
LEE
M.
, and
RAPP
R. A.
Metall. Trans. A , 1984 , 15A , 2241 –2246 .
20.
Reynaud
G. M.
and
RAPP
R. A.
Metall. Trans. A , 1984 , 15A , 587 –593 .
21.
Rapp
R. A.
: Metall. Trans. A , 1984 , 15A , 765 –782 .
22.
Danielewski
M.
: Proc. Conf. Korozja ‘87, Krakow, Poland , 1987 , 81 (in Polish).
23.
Dirstine
R. T.
and
ROSA
C. J.
Z. Metallkd , 1979 , 70 , 322 .