Abstract
The various methods for measurement of tarnish are considered and results from different methods are compared. The electrometric method appears the best and simplest, though it is not readily applicable to Au or Pd alloys.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Yamazaki
S.
,
Nagayama
T.
,
Kishimoto
Y.
, &
Kanno
K.
Proc. 8th Int. Conf Elect. Contact Phenomena , 1976 , p. 281
2.
Campbell
W. E.
, &
Thomas
U. B.
Trans. Amer. electrochem. Soc. , 1939 , 76 , 303
3.
Shimizu
K.
, &
Osteryoung
R. A.
Analyt. Chem. , 1981 , 53, 554
4.
Simon
D.
,
Bardolle
J.
& Bujor, M., Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. Elect. Contacts , 1979 , p. 55
5.
Castel
E.
, &
Vedel
J.
Analysis , 1975 , 3 (9 ), 487
6.
Bannister
L. C.
, &
Evans
U. R.
Proc. Roy. Soc., A . 1929 , 125, 37
7.
Miley
H. A.
, Carnegie School Mem. Trans. Steel inst. , 1936 , 25 , 197
8.
Dyess
J. B.
, &
Miley
H. A.
Amer. Inst. Mining Engrs Tech. PubL 1008 (Jan. 1939 )
9.
Hoar
T. P.
, &
Stockbridge
C. D.
Electrochim. Acta , 1960 , 3 , 94
10.
Price
L. C.
, &
Thomas
G.
J. , Trans. Amer. electrochem. Soc. , 1939 , 76 , 329
11.
Abbott
W. H.
, Proc. Amer. Holm Seminar , 1970 , pub. HT Chicago , p. 21
12.
Davies
D. E.
,
Evans
U. R.
, &
Agar
J. N.
Proc. Roy. Soc. A. , 1954 , 225 , 29
13.
Oswin
H. G.
, &
Cohen
M.
J. electrochem. Soc. , 1957 , 104 , 9
14.
Zhou
P.
,
Procter
R. P. M.
, &
Grant
W. A.
Nucl. Instrument Method , 1983 , 209/210, 841
15.
Price
L. E.
, &
Thomas
G. J.
J. Inst. Metals , 1938 , 5 (8 ), 357
16.
Chiarenzelli
R. V.
, Int. Res. Symp. Elect. Contact Phenomena , 1966 , p. 85
17.
Jaenicke
W.
, &
Haufre
K.
Z. Naturforschung , 1949 , 4A , 353
18.
Crossland
W. A.
, &
Knight
E.
Proc. Holm Seminar , 1973 , pub. HT Chicago , p. 248
19.
Lambert
R.H.
&
Trevoy
D. J.
J. electrochem. Soc. , 1958 , 105, 18
20.
Power
G. P.
,
Ritchie
M.
1., & Wylie, M. T. , Electrochim. Acta , 1981 , 26 , 1633
21.
Vernon
W. H.
J. , Trans. Faraday Soc. , 1935 , 31 , 1668
22.
Chow
W.
, &
Stepke
E.
Int. Res. Symp. Elect. Contacts , 1969 , p. 99
23.
Knight
E.
, private communication
24.
Sharma
S. P.
, J. electrochem. Soc. , 1980 , 127 , 21
25.
Tomkins
H. G.
, Elect. Contacts , 1980 , Proc. 26th Ann. Holm Conf, pub. ITT Chicago , p. 237
26.
Harmsen
N.
, &
Schiff
K. L.
Elect. Contacts , 1977 . Proc. Holm, HT. p. 93
27.
Benninghoven
A.
, &
Hague
C. A.
J. appL Physics , 1973 , 1 , 3
28.
Haque
C. A.
, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Elect. Contact Phenomena , 1972 , 71, 287
29.
Schiff
K. L.
,
Harmsen
N.
, &
Schnabl
R.
Int. Res. Elect. Contacts , 1975 . Proc. Holm Seminar, pub. IIT , p. 37
30.
Sinclair
J. D.
, J. electrochem. Soc. , 1982 , 129 , 33
31.
Pope
D.
,
Gibbens
N. R.
, &
Moss
R. L.
Corros. Sci. , 1967 , 7 , 673
32.
Wilman
H.
, &
Sinha
A. F.
Acta Crystallographica , 1954 , 7, 682
33.
Reagor
B. T.
, &
Seibles
L.
Proc. 26th Holm Seminar , 1980 , pub. HT, Chicago , p. 95
34.
Constable
A. F.
H., Proc. Roy. Soc. , A. , 1927 , 117 , 376
35.
Freundlich
H.
, Patsche. G., & Zocker, H. , Z. phys. Chem. , 1927 , 128 , 321
36.
Tronstad
L. E.
, &
Winterbottom
A. B.
Trans. Faraday Soc. , 1934 , 30 , 114
37.
Winterbottom
A. B.
, Nature , Lond. , 1937 , 140 (3539 ), 364
38.
Lubovitch
R. P.
,
Kovarik
R. E.
, &
Kinseer
D. L.
J. prosth. Dent. , 1979 , 42 , 534
39.
Stout
L. E.
, &
Thummel
W. G.
Trans. Amer. electrochem. Soc. , 1931 , 59 , 337
40.
Bennett
J. M.
,
Stanford
J. L.
, &
Ashley
E. J.
J. optical Soc. Amer. , 1970 , 60 (2 ), 224
41.
Lang
H.
, &
Leinweber
S.
J. Mater. Technol. , 1972 , 3 , 26
42.
Leinweber
S.
, Monatschefte far Chemie . 1971 , 103 . 1745
43.
Reese
S.
, &
Anderson
T.
J. Dentistm , 1983 (March). 62, 266
44.
Kammlott
G. W.
, Appl. Spectroscopy , 1981 , 35 , 324
45.
Reagor
B. T.
, &
Sinclair
J. D.
J. electrochem. Soc. , 1980 , 128 , 701
46.
Fuss
F. N.
,
Leach
R. F.
, &
Yocom
W. H.
Proc. Int. Microelectronics Symp. , 1979 , p. 333
47.
Ishino
M.
, &
Kishimoto
M.
Elect. Contacts , 1979 . Proc. 25th Ann. Holm Seminar, pub. 1979 HT, Chicago , p. 23