This article presents a review of intracranial Doppler techniques and their potential applications. Three approaches are described for interrogating major cerebral vessels: Sagittal and coronal anterior fontanelle, and axial transcranial approaches. Their advantages and limitations are discussed. The uses of pulsatility and flow velocity measurements in estimating blood flow are explored, with emphasis on the physiologic mechanisms that may alter these measures.
References
1.
1. Bada HS, Hajjar W, Chua C, Sumner DS. Noninvasive diagnosis of neonatal asphyxia and intraventricular hemorrhage by Doppler ultrasound. Pediatr1979;95:775-779.
2.
2. Archer LNJ, Evans DH, Levene MI. Doppler ultrasound examination of the anterior cerebral arteries of normal newborn infants: The effect of postnatal age. Early Hum Dev1985;10:255-260.
3.
3. Bashiru M, Russell J, Bada HS, Menke JA, Miles R, Sumner D. Noninvasive detection of neonatal cerebrovascular disease. Bruit1980;4:619-623.
4.
4. Hill A, Perlman JM, Volpe JJ. Relationship of pneumothorax to occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant. Pediatrics1982;69:144-149.
5.
5. Hill A, Volpe JJ. Decrease in pulsatile flow in the anterior cerebral artery in infantile hydrocephalus. Pediatrics1982;69:4-7.
6.
7. Ahmann PA, Dykes FD, Lazzara A, et al. Relationship between pressure passivity and subependymal/intra ventricular hemorrhage as assessed by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Pediatrics1983;72:665-669.
7.
8. Snider AR. The use of Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of cerebral artery flow patterns in infants with congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Med Biol1985;11:503-514.
8.
9. Taylor GA, Catena LM, Garin DB, Miller MK, Short BL. Doppler evaluation of intracranial flow patterns in infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: preliminary observations. Radiology1987;165:671-674.
9.
10. Mitchell DG, Merton D, Desai H, Needleman L, Kurtz AB, Goldberg BB, Graziani L, Wolfson P. Neonatal brain: Color doppler imaging. Part II. Altered flow patterns from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Radiology1988;167:307-310.
12. Mitchell DC, Merton D, Needleman L, Kurtz AB, Goldberg BB, Levy D, Rifkin MD, Pennell RG, Vilaro M, Baltarowich O, Danhert W, Graziani L, Desai H. Neonatal brain: Color Doppler imaging. Part I. Technique and vascular anatomy. Radiology1988;167:303-306.
12.
13. Hansen NB, Stonesteet BS, Rosenkrantz TS, Oh W. Validity of Doppler measurement of anterior cerebral artery blood flow velocity: Correlation with brain blood flow in piglets. Pediatrics1983;72:526-531.
13.
14. Lundell BP, Lindstrom DP, Arnold TG. Neonatal cerebral blood flow velocity I. An in vitro validation of the pulsed Doppler technique. Acta Paediatr Scand1984;73:810-815.
14.
15. Batton DG, Hellmann J, Hernandez MJ, Maisels MJ. Regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood velocity, and pulsatility index in newborn dogs. Pediatr Res1983;17:908-909.
15.
16. Batton DG, Hellmann J, Hernandez MJ, Maisels MJ. Regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood velocity, and pulsatility index in newborn dogs. Pediatr Res1983;17:908-912.
16.
17. Rosenkrantz TS, Oh W. Cerebral blood flow velocity in infants with polycythemia and hyperviscocity: Effects of partial exchange transfusion with Plasmanate. Pediatr1982;101:94-98.
17.
18. Greisen G, Johasen K, Ellison PH, Fredriksen PS, Mali J, Friis-Hansen B. Cerebral blood flow in the newborn infant: Comparison of Doppler ultrasound and 133xenon clearance. J Pediatr1984;104:411-418.
18.
19. Siebert JJ, Chadduck WM, McCowan TC, Adametz JR, Glasier CM, Williamson SL, McConnell JR, Taylor BJ, Stansell CSA, Rodgers AB, Corbitt SL. Clinical and Experimental Studies of Correlation Between Duplex Pulsed Doppler and Intracranial Pressure in the Neonate. Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Pediatric Radiology, Coronado, California, May, 1988.
19.
20. 510(k)guidefor measuring and reporting acoustic output of diagnostic medical devices. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration, 1985.
20.
21. Taylor KJW. A prudent approach to Doppler US. Radiology1987;165:283-284.
21.
22. Abeloff D. Medical Art Graphics for Use. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1982.
22.
23. Grant EG, White EM, Schellinger D, Choyke PL, Sarcone AL. Cranial Duplex sonography of the infant. Radiology1987;163:177-185.