Abstract
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Recognize the cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension and diabetes.
Explain the cIMT role as a prognostic marker for early endothelial dysfunction.
Define the cIMT thickness criteria for upper limits of normal in the male and female patient.
A validated significant prognostic marker for the early stages of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events is _____________. A. An increased common carotid artery wall (CCAw) measurement B. An increased intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurement C. A nuchal fold (NF) measurement D. A vessel diameter (vD) measurement
The mean carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) of a male patient was considered to have an upper limit of normal between ____________. A. 0.59 and 0.95 mm B. 5.9 and 9.5 mm C. 1.4 and 1.6 mm D. 1.7 and 1.9 mm
The most common vascular disease is _____________. A. Abdominal aortic aneurysm B. Superficial femoral artery stenosis C. Atherosclerosis D. Arterial embolus
Common causes of arteriosclerotic diseases include which of the following? A. Insomnia B. Hypertension and diabetes C. Concomitant venous disease D. Malnutrition
What is the most effective method for assessing intima-media thickness cIMT in the carotid artery? A. Cervical radiographs B. Magnetic resonance imaging C. Barium swallow D. High-resolution sonography
Which cohort of study participants had the highest intima-media cIMT thickness? A. Normal/control subjects B. Subjects with diabetes mellitus C. Hypertensive subjects D. Subjects with both diabetes and hypertension
Shared risk variables for hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients include all but which of the following? A. Excessive alcohol use B. Inactivity or obesity C. Genetic predisposition D. Fatigue