Abstract
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Explain the difference in the occurrence of progressive hepatic echogenicity between pediatric and adult populations.
Describe the sonographic appearance of unusual progressive hepatic echogenicity.
Discuss contributing factors of unusual progressive hepatic echogenicity.
Heterogenous branching, similar to portal venous gas culminating a diffuse globular appearance, is the sonographic description of: A. Ultrasound contrast agent B. Unusual progressive hepatic echogenicity C. Major histocompatibility complex D. Veno-occlusive disease
In pediatric patients, unusual progressive hepatic echogenicity was noted as early as ___________ following contrast injection: A. 4 minutes B. 3 minutes C. 2 minutes D. 1 minute
Mild early arterial hyperenhancement, relative to background liver parenchyma and delayed washout, is suspicious for: A. Hepatoblastoma B. Gastroschisis C. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome D. Nissen fundoplication
Authors of this study discovered unusual progressive hepatic echogenicity in approximately _______ percent of the 35 contrast-enhanced ultrasound abdominal examinations. A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12
In adult literature, prolonged heterogenous liver enhancement occurred at __ minutes or later, with a much lower occurrence in a range of 0.001% to 0.4%. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
A potential contributing factor of the higher occurrence in this pediatric study may be: A. Prolonged microbubble circulation B. Using higher doses than the weight-based manufacturer recommendation C. Cell membrane and endothelial damage D. Midzonal hepatocyte coagulative necrosis
Safety recommendations for the use of ultrasonographic contrast agents include minimizing exposure times and using a low Mechanical Index below ______. A. 0.1 B. 0.2 C. 0.3 D. 0.4