Cystic Hygroma

Sabih D. : Cystic hygroma. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic205.htm . Accessed April 24, 2007.

Oakes MJ , Sherman BE : Cystic hygroma in a tactical aviator: a case report. Military Med 2004;169:985-987.

Benacerraf BR , Nyberg DA : The face and neck, in Nyberg DA , McGahan JP , Pretorius DH , Pilu G (eds): Diagnostic Imaging of Fetal Anomalies. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003, pp 361-366.

Avitia S. , Osborne RF : Cystic hygroma exacerbated by pregnancy. ENT Ear Nose Throat J 2005;84:78-79.

Mahony BS , Hegge FN : The face and neck, in Nyberg DA , Mahony BS , Pretorius DH (eds): Diagnostic Ultrasound of Fetal Anomalies: Text and Atlas. St. Louis, MO, Mosby Year Book, 1990, pp 238-242.

Crombleholme TM , Albanese CT : The fetus with airway obstruction, in Harrison MR , Evans MI , Adzick NS , Holzgreve W (eds): The Unborn Patient: The Art and Science of Fetal Therapy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia , W. B. Saunders, 2001, pp 357-359.

Sabbagha RE , Toig RM , Tamura RK : Ultrasound examination of the fetus: externally visible body defects, in Lin CC , Verp MS , Sabbagha RE (eds): The High Risk Fetus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp 263-264.

Pijpers L. , Reuss A. , Stewart P. , Wladimiroff J. , Sachs E. : Fetal cystic hygroma: prenatal diagnosis and management. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:223-224.

Hagen-Ansert SL (ed): Textbook of Diagnostic Ultrasonography. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO , Mosby, 2001, pp 809-812.

Lescale KB , Eddleman KA , Chervenak FA : The fetal neck and spine, in McGahan JP, Porto M (ed): Diagnostic Obstetrical Ultrasound . Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott , 1994, pp 174-179.

Weaver DD (ed): Catalog of Prenatally Diagnosed Conditions. 3rd ed. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Chen C. , Liu F. , Jan S. , Town D. , Lan C. : Cytogenetic evaluation of cystic hygroma associated with hydrops fetalis, oligohydramnios or intrauterine fetal death: the roles of amniocentesis, postmortem chorionic villus sampling and cystic hygroma paracentesis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:454-458.

Tanriverdi HA , Ertan AK , Hendrik HJ , Remberger K. , Schmidt W. Outcome of cystic hygroma in fetuses with normal karotypes depends on associated findings. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005;118:40-46.

Brumfield CG , Wenstrom KD , Davis RO , Owen J. , Cosper P. : Second-trimester cystic hygroma: prognosis of septated and nonseptated lesions. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88: 979-982.

Bronshtein M. , Rottem S. , Yoffe N. , Blumenfield Z. : First-trimester and early second-trimester diagnosis of nuchal cystic hygroma by transvaginal sonography: diverse prognosis of the septated from the nonseptated lesion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:78-82.

Bronshtein M. , Bar-Hava I. , Blumenfield I. , Bejar J. , Toder V. , Blumenfield Z. : The difference between septated and nonseptated nuchal cystic hygroma in the early second trimester. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:683-687.

Johnson M. , Johnson A. , Holzgreve W. : First-trimester simple hygroma: cause and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:156-161.

Sohaey R. : Cystic hygroma, in Woodward PJ, Kennedy A, Sohaey R, Byrne JLB, Oh KY , Puchalski MD (eds): Diagnostic Imaging Obstetrics. Salt Lake City, UT, Amirsys, 2005, Section 4, pp 48-51.

Chervenak FA , Isaacson G. , Blakemore KJ , et al: Fetal cystic hygroma: cause and natural history. N Engl J Med 1983;309:822-825.