Boehmite [bey-mahyt] is a unique aluminum oxide hydroxide nanostructure. It consists of nanosheets of octahedral aluminum ions with surface hydroxyl groups. Owing to exceptional reinforcing behavior, boehmite nanoparticles have gained immense attention as polymeric nanofillers. Essential matrices used with the boehmite based nanocomposites include poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, epoxy, and other polymers. In this review, all-inclusive considerations on the design, morphology, mechanical, thermal, electrical, ion conducting, flame retardancy, electrochemical, and other physical properties, and advances related to the polymer/boehmite nanocomposites are presented. The polymer/boehmite nanocomposites have been employed for the membranes (water filtration/dye removal), coatings (anti-corrosion/self-healing), Li-ion batteries, and non-flammability purposes.
KausarA.Polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with nanowhiskers: design, development, and emerging applications. J Plast Film Sheet2020; 36: 312–333.
2.
KausarA.A review of fundamental principles and applications of polymer nanocomposites filled with both nanoclay and nano-sized carbon allotropes–graphene and carbon nanotubes. J Plast Film Sheet2020; 36: 209–228.
3.
TsioptsiasCLeontiadisKTzimpilisE, et al. Polypropylene nanocomposite fibers: a review of current trends and new developments. J Plast Film Sheet2020; 37: 283–311.
4.
GaoYTangZ.Design and application of inorganic nanoparticle superstructures: current status and future challenges. Small2011; 7: 2133–2146.
5.
KausarA.Polymeric nanocomposite via electrospinning: assessment of morphology, physical properties and applications. J Plast Film Sheet2020; 37: 70–92.
6.
ZhangDZhouC-HLinC-X, et al. Synthesis of clay minerals. Appl Clay Sci2010; 50: 1–11.
7.
MillotG.Geology of clays: weathering sedimentology geochemistry. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
8.
RenWJayaramanK.Blown films with balanced in-plane properties from polypropylene-clay nanocomposites though silane coupling. J Plast Film Sheet2021; 37: 93–110.
9.
RokadeDChougaleSPatilP, et al. Controlling draw resonance during extrusion film casting of nanoclay filled linear low-density polyethylene: an experimental study and numerical linear stability analysis. J Plast Film Sheet2020; 37: 367–396.
10.
ZhangLHeYFengS, et al. Preparation and tribological properties of novel boehmite/graphene oxide nano-hybrid. Ceramics Int2016; 42: 6178–6186.
11.
PhaniASantucciS.Evaluation of structural and mechanical properties of aluminum oxide thin films deposited by a sol–gel process: comparison of microwave to conventional anneal. J Non-Crystal Sol2006; 352: 4093–4100.
12.
GholivandMBKarimianN.Development of piroxicam sensor based on molecular imprinted polymer-modified carbon paste electrode. Mater Sci Engineer C2011; 31: 1844–1851.
13.
TettenhorstRHofmannDA.Crystal chemistry of boehmite. Clays Clay Miner1980; 28: 373–380.
14.
ChristophGGCorbatóCEHofmannDA, et al. The crystal structure of boehmite. Clays Clay Miner1979; 27: 81–86.
15.
SunYYangSZhangQ, et al. Dissipative structures of rock-and ore-forming systems in faults. Chin J Geochem1992; 11: 121–132.
16.
RajabiLDerakhshanA.Room temperature synthesis of boehmite and crystallization of nanoparticles: effect of concentration and ultrasound. Sci Adv Mat2010; 2: 163–172.
17.
BokhimiXToledo-AntonioJGuzman-CastilloM, et al. Relationship between crystallite size and bond lengths in boehmite. J. Solid State Chem2001; 159: 32–40.
18.
KissAKereszturyGFarkasL.Raman and IR spectra and structure of boehmite (γ-AlOOH). evidence for the recently discarded D172h space group. Spectrochim Acta A Molecul Spectroscop1980; 36: 653–658.
19.
NoelYDemichelisRPascaleF, et al. Ab initio quantum mechanical study of γ-AlOOH boehmite: structure and vibrational spectrum. Phys Chem Minerals2009; 36: 47–59.
20.
AlemiAHosseinpourZDolatyariM, et al. Boehmite (γ‐AlOOH) nanoparticles: hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, pH‐controlled morphologies, optical properties, and DFT calculations. Phys Status Solidi B2012; 249: 1264–1270.
21.
MottaAGaigeotMCostaD.Ab initio molecular dynamics study of the AlOOH boehmite/water interface: role of steps in interfacial grotthus proton transfers. J Phys Chem C2012; 116: 12514–12524.
22.
TunegaDPašalićHGerzabekM, et al. Theoretical study of structural, mechanical and spectroscopic properties of boehmite (γ-AlOOH). J Phys Condens Matter2011; 23: 404201.
23.
RoySMaityAMandalP, et al. Effects of various morphologies on the optical and electrical properties of boehmite nanostructures. Cryst Eng Comm2018; 20: 6338–6350.
24.
MusićSDragčevićDPopovićS, et al. Microstructural properties of boehmite formed under hydrothermal conditions. Mater Sci Engineer B1998; 52: 145–153.
25.
VatanpourVMadaeniSSRajabiL, et al. Boehmite nanoparticles as a new nanofiller for preparation of antifouling mixed matrix membranes. J Membr Sci2012; 401–402: 132–143.
26.
HicksRWPinnavaiaTJ.Nanoparticle assembly of mesoporous AlOOH (boehmite). Chem Mater2003; 15: 78–82.
27.
MousavandTOharaSUmetsuM, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis and in situ surface modification of boehmite nanoparticles in supercritical water. J Supercritic Fluid2007; 40: 397–401.
28.
HuangXBrittainWJ.Synthesis and characterization of PMMA nanocomposites by suspension and emulsion polymerization. Macromolecules2001; 34: 3255–3260.
29.
MittalV.Renewable polymers: synthesis, processing, and technology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
30.
ErcegMJozićDBanovacI, et al. Preparation and characterization of melt intercalated poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium montmorillonite nanocomposites. Thermochimica Acta2014; 579: 86–92.
31.
TomerVKDuhanS.In-situ synthesis of SnO2/SBA-15 hybrid nanocomposite as highly efficient humidity sensor. Sens Actuat B Chem2015; 212: 517–525.
32.
WeiLHuNZhangY.Synthesis of polymer–mesoporous silica nanocomposites. Materials (Basel)2010; 3: 4066–4079.
33.
DinariMSoltaniRMohammadnezhadG.Kinetics and thermodynamic study on novel modified–mesoporous silica MCM-41/polymer matrix nanocomposites: effective adsorbents for trace CrVI removal. J Chem Eng Data2017; 62: 2316–2329.
34.
MohammadnezhadGDinariMSoltaniR.The preparation of modified boehmite/PMMA nanocomposites by in situ polymerization and the assessment of their capability for Cu 2+ ion removal. New J Chem2016; 40: 3612–3621.
35.
LaachachiAFerriolMCochezM, et al. A comparison of the role of boehmite (AlOOH) and alumina (Al2O3) in the thermal stability and flammability of poly (methyl methacrylate). Polym Degrad Stab2009; 94: 1373–1378.
36.
CastellanosSFernándezVAguilarJ, et al. Synthesis and characterization of poly (methyl methacrylate)-boehmite nanocomposites by direct microemulsion polymerization combined with the in-situ sol-gel method. Polymer2019; 163: 134–143.
37.
FriederichBLaachachiAFerriolM, et al. Tentative links between thermal diffusivity and fire-retardant properties in poly(methyl methacrylate)–metal oxide nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab2010; 95: 1183–1193.
38.
StrellerRCThomannRTornoO, et al. Isotactic poly (propylene) nanocomposites based upon boehmite nanofillers. Macromol Mater Eng2008; 293: 218–227.
39.
StrellerRCThomannRTornoO, et al. Morphology, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties of isotactic poly (propylene) nanocomposites based on organophilic boehmites. Macromol Mater Eng2009; 294: 380–388.
40.
LiuXWuQ.PP/clay nanocomposites prepared by grafting-melt intercalation. Polymer2001; 42: 10013–10019.
41.
BikiarisDNVassiliouAPavlidouE, et al. Compatibilisation effect of PP-g-MA copolymer on iPP/SiO2 nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing. Eur Polym J2005; 41: 1965–1978.
42.
LiuSPYingJRZhouXP, et al. Dispersion, thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide nanocomposites compatibilized by SEBS-g-MA. Compos Sci Technol2009; 69: 1873–1879.
43.
MirzazadehHKatbabAAHrymakAN.The role of interfacial compatibilization upon the microstructure and electrical conductivity threshold in polypropylene/expanded graphite nanocomposites. Polym Adv Technol2011; 22: 863–869.
44.
AskelandPAFukushimaHDoI, et al. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets surface treatment. NSTI-Nanotech, 2006, vol 1, pp. 76–78.
HalbachTSMülhauptR.Boehmite-based polyethylene nanocomposites prepared by in-situ polymerization. Polymer2008; 49: 867–876.
47.
KhumaloVKarger-KocsisJThomannR.Polyethylene/synthetic boehmite alumina nanocomposites: structure, mechanical, and perforation impact properties. J Mater Sci2011; 46: 422–428.
48.
ChmelaŠFiedlerováABorsigE, et al. Photo‐oxidation and stabilization of sPP and iPP/boehmite‐disperal nanocomposites. J Macromol Sci A Pure Appl Chem2007; 44: 1027–1034.
49.
BocchiniSMorlat-TheriasSGardetteJ-L, et al. Influence of nanodispersed boehmite on polypropylene photooxidation. Polym Degrad Stab2007; 92: 1847–1856.
50.
LendvaiL.Water-assisted production of polypropylene/boehmite composites. Period Polytech Mech Eng2020; 64: 128–135.
51.
PedrazzoliDTubaFKhumaloV, et al. Mechanical and rheological response of polypropylene/boehmite nanocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos2014; 33: 252–265.
52.
PedrazzoliDKhumaloVKarger-KocsisJ, et al. Thermal, viscoelastic and mechanical behavior of polypropylene with synthetic boehmite alumina nanoparticles. Polym Test2014; 35: 92–100.
53.
MalwelaTKhumaloVMSalehiyanR, et al. Characterization of polypropylene/polystyrene boehmite alumina nanocomposites: impact of filler surface modification on the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. J Appl Polym Sci2018; 135: 46376.
54.
TurcsánTMészárosLKhumaloVM, et al. Fracture behavior of boehmite‐filled polypropylene block copolymer nanocomposites as assessed by the essential work of fracture concept. J Appl Polym Sci2014; 131: 40447.
BravetDGuiselinOSweiG.Effect of surface treatment on the properties of polypropylene/nanoboehmite composites. J Appl Polym Sci2009; 116: NA–381.
57.
BuiningPLekkerkerkerH.Isotropic-nematic phase separation of a dispersion of organophilic boehmite rods. J Phys Chem1993; 97: 11510–11516.
58.
PhilipseAPNechiforA-MPatmamanoharanC.Isotropic and birefringent dispersions of surface modified silica rods with a boehmite-needle core. Langmuir1994; 10: 4451–4458.
59.
GrafCVossenDLImhofA, et al. A general method to coat colloidal particles with silica. Langmuir2003; 19: 6693–6700.
60.
Van BruggenMDhontJLekkerkerkerH.Morphology and kinetics of the isotropic-nematic phase transition in dispersions of hard rods. Macromolecules1999; 32: 2256–2264.
61.
ÖzdilekCKazimierczakKvan der BeekD, et al. Preparation and properties of polyamide-6-boehmite nanocomposites. Polymer2004; 45: 5207–5214.
62.
ÖzdilekCNorderBPickenSJ.A study of the thermo-mechanical behavior of boehmite-polyamide-6 nanocomposites. Thermochim Acta2008; 472: 31–37.
63.
ÖzdilekCKazimierczakKPickenSJ.Preparation and characterization of titanate-modified boehmite–polyamide-6 nanocomposites. Polymer2005; 46: 6025–6034.
64.
TomaraGNKarahaliouPKAnastassopoulosDL, et al. Effect of moisture and filler content on the structural, thermal and dielectric properties of polyamide‐6/boehmite alumina nanocomposites. Polym Int2019; 68: 871–885.
65.
HotaGKumarBRNgW, et al. Fabrication and characterization of a boehmite nanoparticle impregnated electrospun fiber membrane for removal of metal ions. J Mater Sci2008; 43: 212–217.
66.
OgunniranESSadikuRSinha RayS, et al. Effect of boehmite alumina nanofiller incorporation on the morphology and thermal properties of functionalized poly (propylene)/polyamide 12 blends. Macromol Mater Eng2012; 297: 237–248.
67.
FrischHLMarkJE.Nanocomposites prepared by threading polymer chains through zeolites, mesoporous silica, or silica nanotubes. Chem Mater1996; 8: 1735–1738.
68.
ParkJJanaSC.Effect of plasticization of epoxy networks by organic modifier on exfoliation of nanoclay. Macromolecules2003; 36: 8391–8397.
69.
AkatsukaMTakezawaYAmagiS.Influences of inorganic fillers on curing reactions of epoxy resins initiated with a boron trifluoride amine complex. Polymer2001; 42: 3003–3007.
70.
DerakhshanAARajabiLKarimnezhadH.Morphology and production mechanism of the functionalized carboxylate alumoxane micro and nanostructures. Powder Technol2012; 225: 156–166.
71.
DerakhshanAARajabiL.Review on applications of carboxylate–alumoxane nanostructures. Powder Technol2012; 226: 117–129.
72.
ElertAMHodoroabaVDAgudo JácomeL, et al. Short-and long-range mechanical and chemical interphases caused by interaction of boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with anhydride-cured epoxy resins. Nanomaterials2019; 9: 853.
73.
SangermanoMDeorsolaFFabianiD, et al. Epoxy‐boehmite nanocomposites as new insulating materials. J Appl Polym Sci2009; 114: 2541–2546.
74.
CorcioneCEFrigioneM.UV-cured polymer-boehmite nanocomposite as protective coating for wood elements. Prog Org Coat2012; 74: 781–787.
75.
RajabiLMarzbanMDerakhshanAA.Epoxy/alumoxane and epoxy/boehmite nanocomposites: cure behavior, thermal stability, hardness and fracture surface morphology. Iran Polym J2014; 23: 203–215.
76.
SilbernaglDPlatzDSturmH.Insights into nano-scale physical and mechanical properties of epoxy/boehmite nanocomposite using different AFM modes. Polymers2019; 11: 235.
77.
JuxMFankhänelJDaumB, et al. Mechanical properties of epoxy/boehmite nanocomposites in dependency of mass fraction and surface modification – an experimental and numerical approach. Polymer2018; 141: 34–45.
78.
LaliaBSKochkodanVHashaikehR, et al. A review on membrane fabrication: structure, properties and performance relationship. Desalination2013; 326: 77–95.
79.
GaoHSunXGaoC.Antifouling polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes with sulfobetaine polyimides as novel additive for the enhancement of both water flux and protein rejection. J Membr Sci2017; 542: 81–90.
80.
RanaDMatsuuraTNarbaitzR, et al. Development and characterization of novel hydrophilic surface modifying macromolecule for polymeric membranes. J. Membr. Sci2005; 249: 103–112.
81.
KangG-dCaoY-m.Development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment: a review. Water Res2012; 46: 584–600.
82.
RanaDNarbaitzRMGarand-SheridanAM, et al. Development of novel charged surface modifying macromolecule blended PES membranes to remove EDCs and PPCPs from drinking water sources. J Mater Chem A2014; 2: 10059–10072.
83.
LiuFHashimNALiuY, et al. Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes. J Membr Sci2011; 375: 1–27.
84.
RabieeHFarahaniMHDAVatanpourV.Preparation and characterization of emulsion poly (vinyl chloride)(EPVC)/TiO2 nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane. J Membr Sci2014; 472: 185–193.
85.
MishraGMukhopadhyayM.Enhanced antifouling performance of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) blended poly (vinyl chloride)(PVC/HNTs) ultrafiltration membranes: for water treatment. J Indus Engineer Chem2018; 63: 366–379.
86.
MaYShiFMaJ, et al. Effect of PEG additive on the morphology and performance of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination2011; 272: 51–58.
87.
DimitriosPAthinaK. Alumina hydrate precipitates in the system NaAl (OH) 4 (supersaturated)/HNO3 Proceedings of European Metallurgical Conference, 2005, pp. 1–15. 8 – 21 September 2005, Dresden, Germany.
88.
FarjamiMVatanpourVMoghadassiA.Influence of the various pore former additives on the performance and characteristics of the bare and EPVC/boehmite nanocomposite ultrafiltration membranes. Mater Today Communicat2019; 21: 100663.
89.
FarjamiMMoghadassiAVatanpourV, et al. Preparation and characterization of a novel high-flux emulsion polyvinyl chloride (EPVC) ultrafiltration membrane incorporated with boehmite nanoparticles. J Indus Eng Chem2019; 72: 144–156.
90.
EsmaeiliMRajabiLBakhtiariO.Preparation and characterization of chitosan-boehmite nanocomposite membranes for pervaporative ethanol dehydration. J Macromol Sci A2019; 56: 1022–1034.
91.
YenM-SKuoM-C.Sol-gel synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid materials comprising boehmite, silica, and thiazole dye. Dyes and Pigments2012; 94: 349–354.
92.
MiaoYEWangRChenD, et al. Electrospun self-standing membrane of hierarchical SiO2@ γ-AlOOH (boehmite) core/sheath fibers for water remediation. ACS Appl Mater Interf2012; 4: 5353–5359.
93.
OuladFZinadiniSZinatizadehAA, et al. Fabrication and characterization of a novel tannic acid coated boehmite/PES high performance antifouling NF membrane and application for licorice dye removal. Chem Eng J2020; 397: 125105.
94.
CorcioneCEMannoRFrigioneM.Sunlight curable boehmite/siloxane-modified methacrylic nano-composites: an innovative solution for the protection of carbonate stones. Prog Org Coat2016; 97: 222–232.
PulikkalparambilHSiengchinSParameswaranpillaiJ.Corrosion protective self-healing epoxy resin coatings based on inhibitor and polymeric healing agents encapsulated in organic and inorganic micro and nanocontainers. Nano-Struct Nano-Obj2018; 16: 381–395.
97.
KesmezÖ.Hydrophobic, organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel coatings containing boehmite nanoparticles for metal corrosion protection. Chem Pap2020; 74: 673–688.
ZhaoXYuanS, JZZhangB, et al. Perfect combination of LBL with sol–gel film to enhance the anticorrosion performance on Al alloy under simulated and accelerated corrosive environment. Materials2019; 13: 111.
101.
ZhuHZhouSYanZ, et al. A two-dimensional micromechanical damage-healing model on microcrack-induced damage for microcapsule-enabled self-healing cementitious composites under tensile loading. Int J Damage Mech2015; 24: 95–115.
102.
ZhuHZhouSYanZ, et al. A two-dimensional micromechanical damage–healing model on microcrack-induced damage for microcapsule-enabled self-healing cementitious composites under compressive loading. Int J Damage Mech2016; 25: 727–749.
103.
LeeHYanilmazMToprakciO, et al. A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Ener Environ Sci2014; 7: 3857–3886.
104.
ZhuJYanilmazMFuK, et al. Understanding glass fiber membrane used as a novel separator for lithium–sulfur batteries. J Membr Sci2016; 504: 89–96.
105.
YanilmazMZhangX.Polymethylmethacrylate/polyacrylonitrile membranes via centrifugal spinning as separator in Li-ion batteries. Polymers2015; 7: 629–643.
106.
ZhangZJFangWMaR.Brief review of batteries for XEV applications. eTransportation2019; 2: 100032.
107.
ZhangXZhuJSahraeiE.Degradation of battery separators under charge–discharge cycles. RSC Adv2017; 7: 56099–56107.
108.
LiuJYangKMoY, et al. Highly safe lithium-ion batteries: high strength separator from polyformaldehyde/cellulose nanofibers blend. J Power Sour2018; 400: 502–510.
109.
SunFMoroniRDongK, et al. Study of the mechanisms of internal short circuit in a Li/Li cell by synchrotron X-ray phase contrast tomography. ACS Energy Lett2017; 2: 94–104.
110.
WangYWangSFangJ, et al. A nano-silica modified polyimide nanofiber separator with enhanced thermal and wetting properties for high safety lithium-ion batteries. J Membr Sci2017; 537: 248–254.
111.
YangCTongHLuoC, et al. Boehmite particle coating modified microporous polyethylene membrane: a promising separator for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour2017; 348: 80–86.
112.
XuRLinXHuangX, et al. Boehmite-coated microporous membrane for enhanced electrochemical performance and dimensional stability of lithium-ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem2018; 22: 739–747.
113.
ZhongGWangYWangC, et al. An AlOOH-coated polyimide electrospun fibrous membrane as a high-safety lithium-ion battery separator. Ionics2019; 25: 2677–2684.
114.
LiXChenSXiaZ, et al. High performance of boehmite/polyacrylonitrile composite nanofiber membrane for polymer lithium-ion battery. RSC Adv2020; 10: 27492–27501.
115.
SchartelBKühnGMixR, et al. Surface controlled fire retardancy of polymers using plasma polymerisation. Macromol Mater Eng2002; 287: 579–582.
116.
SchartelBBartholmaiMBraunU. Barrier effects for the fire retardancy of polymers. In: Fire retardancy of polymers: new applications of mineral fillers, 2005. pp.264–275.
117.
Michel Le Bras, Charles A. Wilkie, Serge Bourbigot (Eds.) Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry, RSC, UK, Chapter 19, pp.264–275.
118.
ChrissafisKParaskevopoulosKBikiarisD.Thermal degradation mechanism of poly (ethylene succinate) and poly (butylene succinate): comparative study. Thermochim Acta2005; 435: 142–150.
119.
IsitmanNADoganMBayramliE, et al. The role of nanoparticle geometry in flame retardancy of polylactide nanocomposites containing aluminium phosphinate. Polym Degrad Stab2012; 97: 1285–1296.
120.
OrhanTIsitmanNAHacalogluJ, et al. Thermal degradation mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate, melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in poly(methyl methacrylate). Polym Degrad Stab2011; 96: 1780–1787.
121.
LiHNingNZhangL, et al. Effect of content of organophosphorus on flame retardancy mode of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polymer2015; 67: 1–11.
122.
KahkeshSRafizadehM.Flame retardancy and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate)/nano‐boehmite composites prepared via in situ polymerization. Polym Eng Sci2020; 60: 2262–2271.
123.
GuidoEAlongiJColleoniC, et al. Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyester fabrics sol-gel treated in the presence of boehmite nanoparticles. Polym Degrad Stab2013; 98: 1609–1616.
124.
ZhangJJiQZhangP, et al. Thermal stability and flame-retardancy mechanism of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/boehmite nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab2010; 95: 1211–1218.
