Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2022-1
Antimicrobial activity and physicochemical characterization of thermoplastic films based on bitter cassava starch,nanocellulose and rosemary essential oil
Extended shelf-life of many foods is a modern requirement that has been achieved by means of fossil-based plastic films despite their environmental issues. Recently, starch-based, fully biodegradable thermoplastics are gaining momentum as packaging material; however, if they are in contact with food, aspects such storage, water interaction and spoilage due to microorganisms must be considered. Essential oils are of great interest due to their antimicrobial action, so incorporating these compounds into natural polymers can promote a longer shelf life through active packaging. In this study, antibacterial activity, optical, mechanical and barrier properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) films based on cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and rosemary essential oil (REO) were studied. Furthermore, the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on TPS properties were surveyed. Film mechanical properties and those related to the interaction with water, showed that the highest resistance and barrier properties corresponded to the TPS/CNC 15% film, while adding oil to the films increased morphological heterogeneity, contributed to reduce tensile strength, and increased water solubility and water vapor permeability. Likewise, TPS films containing rosemary oil showed enhanced antibacterial activity mostly against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria and A. niger fungus. Therefore, adding essential oils as natural additives favors using these biocomposites as functional packaging, and as potential replacements for single-use plastics.
PelissariFMAndrade-MahechaMMSobral Pj doA, et al. Nanocomposites based on banana starch reinforced with cellulose nanofibers isolated from banana peels. J Colloid Interface Sci2017; 505: 154–167.
2.
OrianiVBMolinaGChiumarelliM, et al. Properties of cassava starch-based edible coating containing essential oils. J Food Sci2014; 79: 189–194.
3.
LlanosJHRTadiniCC.Preparation and characterization of bio-nanocomposite films based on cassava starch or chitosan, reinforced with montmorillonite or bamboo nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 107: 371–382.
4.
López-CórdobaAMedina-JaramilloCPiñeros-HernandezD, et al. Cassava starch films containing rosemary nanoparticles produced by solvent displacement method. Food Hydrocoll2017; 71: 26–34.
5.
Nguyen VuHPLumdubwongN.Starch behaviors and mechanical properties of starch blend films with different plasticizers. Carbohydr Polym2016; 154: 112–120.
6.
ZhuF.Composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and modifications of cassava starch. Carbohydr Polym2015; 122: 456–480.
7.
SouzaACGotoGEOMainardiJA, et al. Cassava starch composite films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil: antimicrobial activity, microstructure, mechanical and barrier properties. LWT – Food Sci Technol2013; 54: 346–352.
8.
RajaeiATabatabaeiMMohsenifarA.Physical and antimicrobial properties of starch-carboxy methyl cellulose film containing rosemary essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanogel. Int J Bio Macromol2018; 112: 148–155.
9.
KimSYangSChunHH, et al. High hydrostatic pressure processing for the preparation of buckwheat and tapioca starch films. Food Hydrocoll2018; 81: 71–76.
10.
XieFPolletEHalleyPJ, et al. Starch-based nano-biocomposites. Prog Polym Sci2013; 38: 1590–1628.
11.
MaXChangPRYuJ.Properties of biodegradable thermoplastic pea starch/carboxymethyl cellulose and pea starch/microcrystalline cellulose composites. Carbohydr Polym2008; 72: 369–375.
12.
De AzeredoHMC.Nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Food Res Int2009; 42: 1240–1253.
13.
BabaeeMJonoobiMHamzehY.Biodegradability and mechanical properties of reinforced starch nanocomposites using cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym2015; 132: 1–8.
14.
KaliaSDufresneACherianBM, et al. Cellulose-based bio- and nanocomposites: a review. Int J Polym Sci2011; 2011: 1–35.
15.
GonzálezKRetegiAGonzálezA, et al. Starch and cellulose nanocrystals together into thermoplastic starch bionanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym2015; 117: 83–90.
16.
KhalidSYuLFengM, et al. Development and characterization of biodegradable antimicrobial packaging films based on polycaprolactone, starch and pomegranate rind hybrids. Food Packag Shelf Life2018; 18: 71–79.
17.
LucheseCLSpadaJCTessaroIC.Starch content affects physicochemical properties of corn and cassava starch-based films. Ind Crops Prod2017; 109: 619–626.
18.
DvaranauskaiteAVenskutonisPRRaynaudC, et al. Variations in the essential oil composition in buds of six blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L) cultivars at various development phases. Food Chem2009; 114: 671–679.
19.
WannesWAMhamdiBSritiJ, et al. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts from myrtle (Myrtus communis var italica L) leaf, stem and flower. Food Chem Toxicol2010; 48: 1362–1370.
20.
HillLEGomesCTaylorTM.Characterization of beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing essential oils (trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamon bark, and clove bud extracts) for antimicrobial delivery applications. LWT - Food Sci Technol2013; 51: 86–93.
21.
CostaDCCostaHSAlbuquerqueTG, et al. Trends in food science and technology advances in phenolic compounds analysis of aromatic plants and their potential applications. Trends Food Sci Technol2015; 45: 336–354.
22.
SantosRRCostaDCCavaleiroC, et al. A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L). Trends Food Sci Technol2015; 45: 355–368.
23.
AtarésLChiraltASC.Essential oils as additives in biodegradable films and coatings for active food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol2016; 48: 51–62.
24.
DannenbergSFunckGDEduardoC, et al. Essential oil from pink pepper as an antimicrobial component in cellulose acetate film: potential for application as active packaging for sliced cheese. LWT – Food Sci Technol2017; 81: 314–318.
25.
MouraMRDMattosoLHCZucolottoV.Development of cellulose-based bactericidal nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles and their use as active food packaging. J Food Eng2012; 109: 520–524.
26.
AdilahANJamilahBNoranizanMA, et al. Utilization of mango peel extracts on the biodegradable films for active packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life2018; 16: 1–7.
27.
KaushikATiwariSK.Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of citrus Limon. J Agric Chem Biotechnol2011; 5: 43–56.
28.
QinYLiWLiuD, et al. Development of active packaging film made from poly (lactic acid) incorporated essential oil. Prog Org Coat2017; 103: 76–82.
29.
Ribeiro-SantosRAndradeMSanches-SilvaA.Application of encapsulated essential oils as antimicrobial agents in food packaging. Curr Opin Food Sci2017; 14: 78–84.
30.
Avila-SosaRPalouEJiménez MunguíaMT, et al. Antifungal activity by vapor contact of essential oils added to amaranth, chitosan, or starch edible films. Int J Food Microbiol2012; 153: 66–72.
31.
GhasemlouMAliheidariNFahmiR, et al. Physical, mechanical and barrier properties of corn starch films incorporated with plant essential oils. Carbohydr. Polym2013; 98: 1117–1126.
32.
AmaralJDannenbergSBiduskiB, et al. Antibacterial activity, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties of corn starch films containing orange essential oil. Carbohydr Polym2019; 222: 114981.
33.
De SousaLLDe AndradeSCAAthaydeAJAA, et al. Efficacy of Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils in combination to control postharvest pathogenic aspergilli and autochthonous mycoflora in Vitis labrusca L. (table grapes). Int J Food Microbiol2013; 165: 312–318.
34.
CastañoPCiroGZapataM, et al. Actividad bactericida del extracto etanólico y del aceite esencial de hojas de rosmarinus officinalis l sobre algunas bacterias de interés alimentario. Vitae2010; 17: 149–154.
35.
Montero-RecaldeMAMartinez-JimenezJAAviles-EsquivelDF, et al. Effect antimicrobial of extract of rosmarinus officinalis on strain of escherichia coli. J Selva Andina Biosph2017; 5: 168–175.
36.
JiangYWuNFuY, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of rosemary. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol2011; 32: 63–68.
37.
Dos SantosRMFlauzino NetoWPSilvérioHA, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple leaf, a new approach for the reuse of this agro-waste. Ind Crops Prod2013; 50: 707–714.
38.
Conde-HernándezLAEspinosa-VictoriaJRTrejoA, et al. CO2-Supercritical extraction, hydrodistillation and steam distillation of essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). J Food Eng2017; 200: 81–86.
39.
ErkanNAyranciGAyranciE.Antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract, blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and sesamol. Food Chem2008; 110: 76–82.
40.
LópezOVNinagoMDLencinaMMS, et al. Thermoplastic starch plasticized with alginate-glycerol mixtures: melt-processing evaluation and film properties. Carbohydr Polym2015; 126: 83–90.
41.
GhanbariATabarsaTAshoriA, et al. Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers as green nanocomposites: extrusion processing. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 112: 442–447.
42.
SavadekarNRMhaskeST.Synthesis of nano cellulose fibers and effect on thermoplastics starch based films. Carbohydr Polym2012; 89: 146–151.
43.
American Society for Testing and Materials. Designation: D882 – 18: ‘Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting’. West Conshohocken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2018, pp. 1–13.
44.
MaXChengYQinX, et al. Hydrophilic modification of cellulose nanocrystals improves the physicochemical properties of cassava starch-based nanocomposite films. LWT - Food Sci Technol2017; 86: 318–326.
45.
DaudtRMAvena-BustillosRJWilliamsT, et al. Comparative study on properties of edible films based on pinhão (Araucaria anogustifolia) starch and flour. Food Hydrocoll2016; 60: 279–287.
46.
Ribeiro-SantosRAndradeMRamosN, et al. Biological activities and major components determination in essential oils intended for a biodegradable food packaging. Ind Crop Prod2017; 97: 201–210.
47.
Stojanović-RadićZPejčićMJokovićN, et al. Inhibition of salmonella enteritidis growth and storage stability in chicken meat treated with basil and rosemary essential oils alone or in combination. Food Control2018; 90: 332–343.
48.
ÖzcanMMChalchatJC.Chemical composition and antifungal activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) oil from Turkey. Int J Food Sci Nutr2008; 59: 691–698.
49.
Jalali-HeraviMMoazeniRSSereshtiH.Analysis of Iranian rosemary essential oil: application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. J Chromatogr A2011; 1218: 2569–2576.
50.
ProestosCLytoudiKMavromelanidouOK, et al. Antioxidant capacity of selected plant extracts and their essential oils. Antioxidants2013; 2: 11–22.
51.
HesenovAErbaturO.Study on the stability of supercritical fluid extracted rosemary (Rosmarinus offcinalis L.) essential oil. J Anal Chem2010; 65: 899–906.
52.
YeşilbagDErenMAgelH, et al. Effects of dietary rosemary, rosemary volatile oil and vitamin E on broiler performance, meat quality and serum SOD activity. Br Poult Sci2011; 52: 472–482.
53.
CastilloLLópezOLópezC, et al.Thermoplastic starch films reinforced with talc nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym2013; 95: 664–674.
54.
WilhelmHSierakowskiMSouzaGP, et al. Starch films reinforced with mineral clay. Carbohydr Polym2003; 52: 101–110.
Navia PorrasDPGordillo SuárezMHernández UmañaJ, et al. Optimization of physical, optical and barrier properties of films made from cassava starch and rosemary oil. J Polym Environ2019; 27: 127–140.
57.
BasiakELenartADebeaufortF.Effect of starch type on the physico-chemical properties of edible films. Int J Biol Macromol2017; 98: 348–356.
58.
ShenXLWuJMChenY, et al. Antimicrobial and physical properties of sweet potato starch films incorporated with potassium sorbate or chitosan. Food Hydrocoll2010; 24: 285–290.
59.
BrandeleroRPHYamashitaFGrossmannMVE.The effect of surfactant tween 80 on the hydrophilicity, water vapor permeation, and the mechanical properties of cassava starch and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend films. Carbohydr Polym2010; 82: 1102–1109.
60.
Ojeda-SanaAMvan BarenCMElechosaMA, et al. New insights into antibacterial and antioxidant activities of rosemary essential oils and their main components. Food Control2013; 31: 189–195.
61.
MathlouthiNBouzaienneTOueslatiI, et al. Use of rosemary, oregano, and a commercial blend of essential oils in broiler chickens: in vitro antimicrobial activities and effects on growth performance. J Anim Sci2012; 90: 813–823.
62.
KlancnikAGuzejBKolarMH, et al. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of commercial rosemary extract formulations. J Food Prot2009; 72: 1744–1752.
